scholarly journals How Personality and Policy Predict Pandemic Behavior: Understanding Sheltering-in-Place in 55 Countries at the Onset of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich Martin Götz ◽  
Andrés Gvirtz ◽  
adam galinsky ◽  
Jon Jachimowicz
Keyword(s):  
Government Policies ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Behavior Understanding ◽  
Governmental Policy ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Strong Action ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Staying At Home ◽  
Level Government

The spread of COVID-19 within any given country or community at the onset of the pandemic depended in part on the sheltering-in-place rate of its citizens. The pandemic led us to revisit one of psychology’s most fundamental and most basic questions in a high-stakes context: What determines human behavior? Adopting a Lewinian interactionist lens, we investigate the independent and joint effects of macro-level government policies and micro-level psychological factors—i.e., personality—on whether individuals sheltered-in-place. We analyzed data collected in late March and early April 2020 from 101,005 participants in 55 countries, a time period that coincided with the early and accelerating stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. This time period also contained substantial variation in the stringency of governmental policy towards sheltering-in-place, both between countries and within each country over time. Analyses revealed that personality and the stringency of governmental policies independently predicted sheltering-in-place rates. Policy stringency was positively related to sheltering-in-place. For the personality dimensions, openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and neuroticism all predicted higher rates of sheltering-in-place, whereas extraversion was negatively related to staying at home. In addition, two personality traits—openness to experience and neuroticism—interacted with governmental policy to predict whether individuals sheltered-in-place; openness and neuroticism each had weaker effects on sheltering-in-place as governmental policies became stricter. Theoretically, the findings demonstrate that individual differences predict behavior (i.e., sheltering-in-place) even when governments take strong action targeting that behavior. Practically, they suggest that even if governments lift their shelter-in-place restrictions, some individuals will shelter-in-place less than others.

scholarly journals How Personality and Policy Predict Pandemic Behavior: Understanding Sheltering-in-Place in 55 Countries at the Onset of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich Martin Götz ◽  
Andrés Gvirtz ◽  
adam galinsky ◽  
Jon Jachimowicz
Keyword(s):  
Government Policies ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Behavior Understanding ◽  
Governmental Policy ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Strong Action ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Staying At Home ◽  
Level Government

The spread of COVID-19 within any given country or community at the onset of the pandemic depended in part on the sheltering-in-place rate of its citizens. The pandemic led us to revisit one of psychology’s most fundamental and most basic questions in a high-stakes context: What determines human behavior? Adopting a Lewinian interactionist lens, we investigate the independent and joint effects of macro-level government policies and micro-level psychological factors—i.e., personality—on whether individuals sheltered-in-place. We analyzed data collected in late March and early April 2020 from 101,005 participants in 55 countries, a time period that coincided with the early and accelerating stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. This time period also contained substantial variation in the stringency of governmental policy towards sheltering-in-place, both between countries and within each country over time. Analyses revealed that personality and the stringency of governmental policies independently predicted sheltering-in-place rates. Policy stringency was positively related to sheltering-in-place. For the personality dimensions, openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and neuroticism all predicted higher rates of sheltering-in-place, whereas extraversion was negatively related to staying at home. In addition, two personality traits—openness to experience and neuroticism—interacted with governmental policy to predict whether individuals sheltered-in-place; openness and neuroticism each had weaker effects on sheltering-in-place as governmental policies became stricter. Theoretically, the findings demonstrate that individual differences predict behavior (i.e., sheltering-in-place) even when governments take strong action targeting that behavior. Practically, they suggest that even if governments lift their shelter-in-place restrictions, some individuals will shelter-in-place less than others.

scholarly journals The day-of-the-week effect: South African stock market indices

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elda du Toit ◽  
John Henry Hall ◽  
Rudra Prakash Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Garch Model ◽  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Johannesburg Stock Exchange ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Day Of The Week ◽  
Micro Level

Purpose The presence of a day-of-the-week effect has been investigated by many researchers over many years, using a variety of financial data and methods. However, differences in methodology between studies could have led to conflicting results. The purpose of this paper is to expand on an existing study to observe whether an analysis of the same data set with some added years and using a different statistical technique provide the same results. Design/methodology/approach The study examines the presence of a day-of-the-week effect on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) indices for the period March 1995-2016, using a GARCH model. Findings The findings show that, contrary to the original study, the day-of-the week effect is present in both volatility and return equations. The highest and lowest returns are observed on Monday and Friday, respectively, while volatility is observed on all five days from Monday to Friday. Originality/value This study adds to the existing literature on day-of-the-week effect of JSE indices, where different patterns or, in some cases, no pattern have been noted. Few previous studies on the day-of-the-week effect observed the effect at micro-level for separate industries or made use of a GARCH model. The present study thus expands on the study of Mbululu and Chipeta (2012), by adding four additional observation years and using a different statistical technique, to observe differences that arise from a different time period and statistical technique. The results indicate that a day-of-the-week effect is mostly a function of the statistical technique applied.

High-stakes ethnic politics

2020 ◽  
pp. 342-355
Author(s):  
Susanne D. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Ethnic Politics ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Patronage Politics ◽  
Targeted Violence ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Government

Ethnic politics in Kenya matured under colonial restrictions, intensifying after Independence during both the one- and the multi-party period. The result was weak non-programmatic political parties and institutions and an expansion of patronage politics. Once the presidency became competitive, polarization increased, with winning and losing viewed in ethnic terms. This culminated in elite-led ethnically targeted violence to win elections and to citizens voting against non-co-ethnics out of fear. This chapter examines theories of ethnicity and evidence that co-ethnics of presidential winners receive more high-level government appointments and public goods than non-co-ethnics, subsequently losing them when their president loses. The fear of loss and the willingness of ethnic elites to engage in conflict to avert loss reinforces clientelism, weakens political parties, and highlights the inability of politicians to make credible non-ethnic commitments to voters. These factors also heighten the possibility of violence and threaten democracy.

scholarly journals Tackling Differential Attainment in Summative Assessments

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Indranil Chakravorty ◽  
Subodh Dave ◽  
Ramesh Mehta ◽  
Andrew Goddard
Keyword(s):  
Evidence Base ◽  
Medical Professional ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Profound Impact ◽  
Summative Assessments ◽  
Team Working ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
Indian Origin ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Impact

Differential Attainment or Outcomes or award (DA) is a euphemistic phrase that describes the historical and persistent differences in award levels based on factors other than academic/ professional capability or effort. The impact of this endemic discrimination of affected individuals/ groups has a profound impact on careers and wellbeing on a personal (micro) level on them, productivity, team-working or patient safety impact at organisational (meso) level and at a much larger societal/ socio-economic level (macro) level for the country. This roundtable sponsored jointly by the British Association of Physicians of Indian Origin (BAPIO) and the Royal College of Physicians (RCP) is the first of a series of events organised by the BAPIO Institute for Health Research (BIHR) exploring DA across the journey of a medical professional from entry to medical school all the way to retirement. This roundtable is focussed on DA as observed in summative assessments in high stakes professional examinations, which are essential for entry, progression, or accreditation.  The findings and recommendations of this series will be published in the rainbow paper “Bridging the Gap” celebrating diversity in the NHS. This report should be read in conjunction with the scoping paper which presents the evidence base for the discussion and recommendations.

The Relevance of Micro Places to Citywide Robbery Trends: A Longitudinal Analysis of Robbery Incidents at Street Corners and Block Faces in Boston

2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony A. Braga ◽  
David M. Hureau ◽  
Andrew V. Papachristos
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Urban Neighborhoods ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Criminological Research ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Street Segments

Robbery, and the fear it inspires, has a profound effect on the quality of life in certain urban neighborhoods. Recent advances in criminological research suggest that there is significant clustering of crime in micro places, or ‘‘hot spots,’’ that generate a disproportionate amount of criminal events in a city. In this article, the authors use growth curve regression models to uncover distinctive developmental trends in robbery incidents at street segments and intersections in Boston over a 29-year period. The authors find that robberies are highly concentrated at a small number of street segments and intersections rather than spread evenly across the urban landscape over the study time period. Roughly 1 percent and 8 percent of street segments and intersections in Boston are responsible for nearly 50 percent of all commercial robberies and 66 percent of all street robberies, respectively, between 1980 and 2008. Our findings suggest that citywide robbery trends may be best understood by examining micro-level trends at a relatively small number of places in urban environments.

scholarly journals Using Minidrones to Teach Geospatial Technology Fundamentals

Drones ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Karen E. Joyce ◽  
Natalie Meiklejohn ◽  
Paul C.H. Mead
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
State Level ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Geospatial Technology ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Structured Approach ◽  
Level Government

With an increased level of interest in promoting science, technology, engineering, and maths (STEM) careers, there are many ways in which drone and geospatial technology can be brought into the education system to train the future workforce. Indeed, state-level government policies are even stipulating that they should be integrated into curriculum. However, in some cases, drones may be seen as the latest toy advertised to achieve an education outcome. Some educators find it difficult to incorporate the technology in a meaningful way into their classrooms. Further, educators can often struggle to maintain currency on rapidly developing technology, particularly when it is outside of their primary area of expertise as is frequently the case in schools. Here, we present a structured approach to using drones to teach fundamental geospatial technology concepts within a STEM framework across primary/elementary, middle, secondary, and tertiary education. After successfully working with more than 6000 participants around the world, we encourage other scientists and those in industry using drones as part of their research or operations to similarly reach out to their local community to help build a diverse and strong STEM workforce of the future.

Sea level and the carbonate sand factory of South Australia

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cliff Ollier
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Last Interglacial ◽  
Carbonate Sand ◽  
Carbonate Production ◽  
Future Projections ◽  
Time Period ◽  
M Estimates

Stable parts of the South Australia coast show that the last interglacial sea level was 2 m higher than present, but elsewhere there has been relative subsidence up to 7 m and uplift of 18 m. Estimates of changing sea level, and future projections, should state the time period involved and the tectonic background to be of any use. The coast contains ‘carbonate sand factories’ where organisms produce vast amounts of sand by fixing carbon dioxide as carbonates. Far from dissolving carbonate by acidification, carbon dioxide is an essential part of carbonate production and the continued maintenance and growth of coasts and reefs. Government policies to adapt renewable energy are unlikely to affect the system.

scholarly journals Collective action problems: Disentangling possible feedback loops between government policies and the public’s value-change

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eivind Hoff-Elimari ◽  
Anat Bardi ◽  
Simon Matti ◽  
Kristina Östman
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Value Change ◽  
Public Value ◽  
Governmental Policy ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Collective Action Problems

Solving collective action problems, such as poverty reduction or climate change, depends on interactions between governments' and voters' preferences regarding pro-social actions. This paper examines whether the overall direction of change in pro-social public policy precedes public value-change, rather than the other way around. We examine change in the public’s pro-social values in six European countries, as measured by the European Social Survey (ESS) during 2002-2012. In these countries, we conducted an expert survey to rate governmental policy that expresses these values over the same period, thereby examining value-change in governmental policy. The chronological comparison of value-change of the public with that of respective governments suggests that changes in pro-social government policies may drive public value-change rather than vice versa. This complements previous studies focused on the opinion-policy connection. Possible political implications are discussed. The promising findings of this initial study point to the importance of conducting larger-scale future studies.

scholarly journals Measuring adoption of industry 4.0 technologies via international trade data: insights from European countries

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Castellani ◽  
Fabio Lamperti ◽  
Katiuscia Lavoratori
Keyword(s):  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Empirical Perspective ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Country Specific

AbstractThe investigation of the adoption of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) technologies and its implications, both at the macro and micro level, has attracted growing interest in the recent literature. Most studies have looked at the production and diffusion of related innovations and knowledge, but what do we know about the adoption of these technologies over time and across countries? In this paper, we look at three I4.0 technologies and present a new empirical perspective able to overcome the limitations of existing attempts at measuring their adoption, generally based on small-scale and country-specific studies. Our study provides a methodology that allows measuring adoption across countries for a relatively long time period. In so doing, we build on the well-established idea in the international economics literature that trade of capital goods captures technology diffusion, and so adoption across countries. We provide preliminary and comprehensive evidence on the adoption of these I4.0 technologies in Europe and set the premise for monitoring its evolution and implications on a large scale and over time.

‘Stupidest of all the primates’

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin Furukawa
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Set Design ◽  
Sociocultural Linguistics ◽  
Personal Interaction ◽  
Close Analysis ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Bidirectional Transmission ◽  
Japanese Television

This article examines the effect of linguistic anxiety on identity by analyzing the use of English in Japanese television from the perspective of Sociocultural Linguistics. Close analysis of segments from Japanese television entertainment programs shows how both verbal and visual intertextual resources are used to create linguistic anxiety at the micro level of personal interaction, on the macro level of government policy and television genre, and also at meso levels that exist between both the macro and micro. Semiotic resources such as costumes, set design, subtitles, and other elements in the mediascape allow for circulation of ideologies from government policies into assessments of individuals. The role of meso level discourse in the bidirectional transmission of linguistic anxiety between the macro levels of society and the micro levels of personal interaction is discussed.

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