Assessing how we decide: Psychometric development of a decision modes scale
We present the development of the Domain-general Decision Mode Scale (DDMS), a 24-item scale to measure decision modes. Decision modes are the qualitatively different approaches through which individuals report making decisions. Researchers have consistently acknowledged that existing two-systems models of decision-making processes that distinguish between an intuitive and a rational mode do not account for the range of rule-based processes that decision makers employ in evaluating and making choices. Our studies identified six different decision modes, driven respectively by calculation, affect, habit, social norms, identity, and morality. Making a decision using the calculation mode involves a deliberate process of assessing costs and benefits. Using the affective mode involves an emotion- or gut-driven process. Using the social norms mode involves consideration of what others are doing or what others condone as appropriate. Using the habitual mode involves following a previously determined rule or habit. Using the identity mode involves identifying what is consistent with one’s sense of self or own values. Finally, using the moral decision mode involves consideration of what does the most good. We conceptually group the final four decision modes under the umbrella of rule-based decision-making: making a decision based on previously-learned and/or socially-derived conventions. The DDMS exhibits good reliability, as well as convergent and discriminant validity. By providing a scale that assesses the degree to which decision makers report using these decision modes, we integrate past research on decision modes and create a framework for additional research into the effects of different decision processes.