scholarly journals Compliance in the 1.5 Meter Society: Longitudinal Analysis of Citizens’ Adherence to COVID-19 Mitigation Measures in a Representative Sample in the Netherlands

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Reinders Folmer ◽  
Malouke Kuiper ◽  
Elke Olthuis ◽  
Emmeke Barbara Kooistra ◽  
Anne Leonre de Bruijn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Distance Measures ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
General Duty ◽  
Future Success ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The One ◽  
Representative Samples ◽  
Do So

In the month of May, the Netherlands moved out of the “intelligent lockdown”, and into the “1.5 meter society”, which aims to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic by means of safe-distance measures. This paper assesses how Dutch citizens have complied with these social distancing measures. It analyses data from two surveys conducted in May (between 8-14 and between 22-26) among nationally representative samples (N = 984 and N = 1021). We find that a combination of factors explain social distancing compliance. On the one hand we see that people are more likely to comply if they have an intrinsic motivation to do so, when they have the capacity to comply, when they have good impulse control, when they think compliance is normal, and when they see a general duty to obey rules generally. The paper also assesses how compliance has changed over time, assessing changes in May as well as how these are different from compliance with lockdown measures in April. During this period, there has been a gradual decline in compliance that coincides with a decline in intrinsic motivations and capacity for compliance, and there has been an increase in opportunities to violate the measures. The paper assesses what these changes may mean for current and future success of Covid-19 mitigation measures.

scholarly journals Maintaining Compliance when the Virus Returns: Understanding Adherence to Social Distancing Measures in the Netherlands in July 2020

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Reinders Folmer ◽  
Malouke Kuiper ◽  
Elke Olthuis ◽  
Emmeke Barbara Kooistra ◽  
Anne Leonre de Bruijn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Distance Measures ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Safe Distance ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Singular Trajectory ◽  
Representative Samples

After its relative lenient, “intelligent lockdown” approach to the COVID-19 coronavirus, the Netherlands has continued its singular trajectory in combating the pandemic. The month of July introduced further relaxations to prior mitigation measures, but also saw a resurgence of infections. This working paper examines how these developments are reflected in Dutch citizens’ compliance with safe-distance measures during this period. Building on our previous surveys during the months of May and June, we report the findings of two additional survey waves collected in early (7-10) and late (21-23) July among nationally representative samples (N = 1064 and N = 1023, respectively). The results show that the decline in compliance that was observed from May to June seems to have halted. At the same time, important predictors of compliance – such as citizens’ capacity to comply, perceptions of the threat of the virus, and support for mitigation measures – have ceased to decrease, or are increasing. Taken together, these findings suggest that Dutch citizens’ compliance with mitigation measures may be on the rise again. However, our findings also suggest that social norms for compliance continue to be eroding, which may continue to dampen citizens’ tendency to comply.

scholarly journals Sustaining Compliance with Covid-19 Mitigation Measures? Understanding Distancing Behavior in the Netherlands during June 2020

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Reinders Folmer ◽  
Malouke Kuiper ◽  
Elke Olthuis ◽  
Emmeke Barbara Kooistra ◽  
Anne Leonre de Bruijn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Impulse Control ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Singular Trajectory ◽  
Representative Samples ◽  
Do So

In the month of June, the Netherlands had continued its singular trajectory in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. After the transition from the “intelligent lockdown” into the “1.5 meter society,” the month of June heralded further relaxations of the prior mitigation measures. Building on our previous surveys during the month of May, this paper reports the findings of two additional survey waves collected in June (between 8-11 and between 22-26) among nationally representative samples (N = 1041 and N = 1033). The results show that the processes that sustained compliance during the month of May continued to be influential, especially citizens’ intrinsic motivation to comply, their capacity to do so, their impulse control, and social norms that sustained compliance. Furthermore, there were some indications that extrinsic reasons, such as the likelihood of punishment and the fairness of enforcement, may have become more influential in shaping compliance. A comparison to the findings from May revealed, however, that compliance was gradually declining in the Netherlands, as were the resources that sustain it.

scholarly journals The intelligent lockdown: Compliance with COVID-19 mitigation measures in the Netherlands

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malouke Esra Kuiper ◽  
Anne Leonore de Bruijn ◽  
Christopher Reinders Folmer ◽  
Elke Olthuis ◽  
Megan Brownlee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Impulse Control ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Dutch Government ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Practical Capacity ◽  
Social Motivations ◽  
Practical Recommendations ◽  
Dutch People

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Dutch government has introduced an “intelligent lockdown” with stay at home and social distancing measures. The Dutch approach to mitigate the virus focuses less on repression and more on moral appeals and self-discipline. This study assessed how compliance with the measures have worked out in practice and what factors might affect whether Dutch people comply with the measures. We analyzed data from an online survey, conducted between April 7-14, among 568 participants. The overall results showed reported compliance was high. This suggests that the Dutch approach has to some extent worked as hoped in practice. Repression did not play a significant role in compliance, while intrinsic (moral and social) motivations did produce better compliance. Yet appeals on self-discipline did not work for everyone, and people with lower impulse control were more likely to violate the rules. In addition, compliance was lower for people who lacked the practical capacity to follow the measures and for those who have the opportunity to break the measures. Sustained compliance, therefore, relies on support to aid people to maintain social distancing and restrictions to reduce opportunities for unsafe gatherings. These findings suggest several important practical recommendations for combating the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Social Distancing in America: Understanding Long-term Adherence to Covid-19 Mitigation Recommendations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Reinders Folmer ◽  
Megan Brownlee ◽  
Adam Fine ◽  
Malouke Esra Kuiper ◽  
Elke Olthuis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Situational Influences ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Practical Capacity ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Motivational Influences

A crucial question in the governance of infectious disease outbreaks is how to ensure that people continue to adhere to mitigation measures for the longer duration of the pandemic. The present paper examines this question by means of a nationally representative cross-sectional set of studies conducted in the United States in May, June, and July 2020. It seeks to understand to what extent Americans continued to adhere to social distancing measures in the period after the first lockdown ended during the first wave of COVID-19. Moreover, it seeks to uncover which situational and motivational variables sustained (or undermined) adherence. Our findings reveal a mix of situational and motivational variables that contributed to adherence in the period after the first lockdown: individuals’ knowledge of social distancing measures, their practical capacity to adhere to them, their opportunities for not doing so, and their impulsivity (situational influences), as well as their moral alignment with mitigation measures against the virus, perceptions of its health threat, and perceived norms for adherence in their community (motivational influences). The results also reveal, however, that adherence among Americans declined during this period, as did important situational and motivational processes that sustained this. The findings show that adherence does not just originate in motivations and that situational variables play a central role. Moreover, they show that adherence is dynamic, as the core variables that sustain can change over a short period of time. These insights help to advance understanding of pandemic governance, as well as illuminating the interaction between rules and human conduct and compliance more generally. Moreover, they identify important avenues for policy to promote and sustain adherence to mitigation measures during the COVID-19 pandemic and in future outbreaks.

scholarly journals Why did Israelis comply with COVID-19 Mitigation Measures during the initial first wave lockdown?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Leonre de Bruijn ◽  
Yuval Feldman ◽  
Malouke Esra Kuiper ◽  
Megan Brownlee ◽  
Christopher Reinders Folmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Survey Research ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
The Law ◽  
Do So

This paper investigates why Israeli citizens complied with measures taken to mitigate the spread of the COVID-19 virus in early April. At the time, Israel had relatively stringent mitigation measures that encouraged people to stay at home and keep a safe social distance. The data of 411 adult participants, gathered using survey research, showed that overall, compliance levels at that time were high. It finds that compliance depended on a combination of moral factors, such as people’s moral duty to obey the law and people’s tendency to obey the law generally. In addition, people who had friends over 75 years old were more likely to comply. Furthermore, people were more likely to comply if they were able to do so, and less likely to violate if they did not have the opportunity to do so. The study did not find that fear of punishment (deterrence) was significantly associated with compliance. Overall, these findings are in line with studies conducted the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands.

Oudere werknemers in het MKB

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem de Lange ◽  
Nicole van Dartel
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Personnel Development ◽  
Adaptation Policy ◽  
Insufficient Attention ◽  
Oudere Werknemers ◽  
Long Life ◽  
The One ◽  
Do So

Summary Older workers in SME’s Summary Older workers in SME’s In this article we describe how life-long employability in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Netherlands has been advanced in practice and which policies are possible in these organizations. An employee who is employable for life is defined as someone who is competent, engaged, satisfied and vital. These employees are and remain valuable for their employers. We find that the smaller the firm, the fewer measures and facilities for life-long employability there are. In general, engagement and satisfaction of employees are high, but there is insufficient attention for personnel development and health of employees in SMEs.We developed a model for an adaptation policy to give an overview what SMEs can do to advance long-life employability. The model consists of a mixture of ‘dispensation measures’ on the one hand, and developmental measures on the other, that can be customized to suit the employee. Not only large organizations can make use of these measures and facilities, SMEs can do so too.

scholarly journals Social Distancing as a Public Goods Dilemma: High Economic Cost Reduces Voluntary Compliance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Merkley ◽  
Peter John Loewen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Cost ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Economic Report ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
Canadian Data ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Representative Samples

Participation in social distancing can be seen as a contribution to a public good that is influenced by 1) the marginal costs and benefits of those contributions and 2) expectations that other citizens will participate. We test our theory using an official government economic report on job loss as an exogenous, negative information shock. Using Canadian data, we show that this shock increased aggregate-level mobility and reduced self-reported social distancing among respondents surveyed throughout the pandemic (N=17,539), especially for younger respondents – a group that faces higher costs relative to benefits of compliance. We also conduct three survey experiments on nationally representative samples to unpack a possible mediating effect of expectations of others’ participation. Our results reinforce our principal findings, while also showing that 1) information on prospective economic cost reduces expectations of compliance by other citizens; and 2) expectations of compliance by others cause expectations of respondents’ own compliance.

scholarly journals Apolitical Values & Compliance with Government-Recommended Prosocial Health Behavior

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Motta ◽  
Paul Goren
Keyword(s):  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Do So

At the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, federal government and local governments across the U.S. recommended that individuals engage in social distancing and other prosocial health behaviors (e.g., wear a mask when out in public). While social scientists know a fair amount about the extent to which people complied with these recommendations, far less is known about why some people may have been more likely to do so. Building on insights from Human Values Theory, we argue that people who are more self-transcendent (i.e., more likely to put others’ needs before their own) should be more likely to engage in a variety of prosocial health behaviors (PSHB); including social distancing. In a nationally representative survey (N = 1,015) conducted at the start of the coronavirus outbreak, we find that people who are highly self-transcendent were significantly more likely to engage in PSHB. Recognizing the limitations of self-reported data, we validate these findings by merging both international and inter-state phone-tracking data into state and country opinion surveys. We find that, on average, people in both countries and states that place a higher emphasis on self-transcendence values were more likely to engage in social distancing at the start of the pandemic.

Challenging Gender Hierarchies in Narratives of the Nation: Representations of Women in Zintgraff and the Battle of Mankon and Hard Choice

Imbizo ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Epongse Nkealah ◽  
Olutoba Gboyega Oluwasuji
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Gender Differentiation ◽  
Hard Choice ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Gender Hierarchies ◽  
The Face ◽  
The One ◽  
Representations Of Women ◽  
Do So

Ideas of nationalisms as masculine projects dominate literary texts by African male writers. The texts mirror the ways in which gender differentiation sanctions nationalist discourses and in turn how nationalist discourses reinforce gender hierarchies. This article draws on theoretical insights from the work of Anne McClintock and Elleke Boehmer to analyse two plays: Zintgraff and the Battle of Mankon by Bole Butake and Gilbert Doho and Hard Choice by Sunnie Ododo. The article argues that women are represented in these two plays as having an ambiguous relationship to nationalism. On the one hand, women are seen actively changing the face of politics in their societies, but on the other hand, the means by which they do so reduces them to stereotypes of their gender.

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