scholarly journals Groups Outperform Individuals in Tacit Coordination by Using Consensual and Disjunctive Salience

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Chartier
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
Focal Points ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Group Response ◽  
Tacit Coordination ◽  
Group Member

Tacit coordination between individuals has received considerable research attention (Mehta, Starmer & Sugden, 1994; Abele, & Stasser, 2008). However, groups often must coordinate tacitly with other groups, and such intergroup coordination has been rarely studied. In three experiments, we found that interacting groups are more successful at coordinating tacitly than are individuals. This advantage is driven by two types of coordination salience that are uniquely derived from groups deliberating and making collective responses. Consensual salience occurs when groups select a response because a majority of members support it. Majorities efficiently identify popular response tendencies (i.e., focal points) and thereby increase the chances of matching other groups’ responses. Disjunctive salience occurs when at least one member of a group suggests a focal point. We propose that focal points are often demonstratively evident when mentioned, and if proposed by any group member, are likely to be adopted as the group response.

scholarly journals FOCAL SOCIAL ACTORS AND TACIT COORDINATION

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Chartier
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
Focal Points ◽  
Social Actor ◽  
Group Project ◽  
Coordination Problem ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
New Type ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Tacit Coordination ◽  
Group Member

Tacit coordination is a fundamental task for interdependent social actors. Everyday examples include negotiating rush hour traffic, working collaboratively on a group project, conversing smoothly, and meeting friends for lunch. Previous research (Schelling, 1960; Mehta, Starmer & Sugden, 1994) has focused extensively on differences between behavioral options that aid in small group coordination. Highly salient options are referred to as structural focal points, and are popular choices for actors. The current work presents a new type of focal point based on differences between social actors in a coordination problem. The focal social actor effect is hypothesized to occur when one group member is more salient than others, and actors correspond to behavioral options in a clear way. Three Experiments explored and ultimately supported this hypothesis. In Experiment 1, social information about group members was manipulated such that one group member was unique. Furthermore, players were identified by color. In a subsequent coordination game, players were more likely to select an option sharing an identifying color with the unique group member than an option corresponding to a common player. In Experiment 2, actors and options corresponded through slight payoff differences between group members across different behavioral options. Once again, players were more likely to select the option corresponding to the unique player. In Experiment 3, uniqueness was manipulated orthogonally to intragroup status by virtue of bogus feedback on a leadership questionnaire. The focal social actor served as a coordination cue, as players were more likely to select the option corresponding to the unique player. The focal social actor cue was found to be effective even in the presence of the previously established status cue for coordination (de Kwaadsteniet & van Dijk, 2010). Focal social actors serve as strong coordination aids for small groups, and may help explain portions of previously published tacit coordination findings.

Is more always good? Over-education, job satisfaction and wages on the Czech labor market

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-414
Author(s):  
Raufhon Salahodjaev
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Wage Penalty ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
Using Data

The notion of over-education has drawn considerable research attention since the work of Freeman (1976). This study provides evidence that education match matters for labor market outcomes. Using data from the REFLEX survey, we find that over-education and over-skilling has a significant negative impact on wages and job satisfaction in the Czech labor market. Secondly, we find that the wage penalty is stronger for female respondents. In contrast, overskilled and overeducated men are more dissatisfied than women.

KNOT POINTS IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL MAPS AND RELATED PROPERTIES

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (02) ◽  
pp. 545-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. TRAMONTANA ◽  
L. GARDINI ◽  
D. FOURNIER-PRUNARET ◽  
P. CHARGE
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
Singular Line ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Focal Points ◽  
Singular Set ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Attracting Set ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Special Character ◽  
Stable And Unstable Sets

We consider the class of two-dimensional maps of the plane for which there exists a whole one-dimensional singular set (for example, a straight line) that is mapped into one point, called a "knot point" of the map. The special character of this kind of point has been already observed in maps of this class with at least one of the inverses having a vanishing denominator. In that framework, a knot is the so-called focal point of the inverse map (it is the same point). In this paper, we show that knots may also exist in other families of maps, not related to an inverse having values going to infinity. Some particular properties related to focal points persist, such as the existence of a "point to slope" correspondence between the points of the singular line and the slopes in the knot, lobes issuing from the knot point and loops in infinitely many points of an attracting set or in invariant stable and unstable sets.

scholarly journals Anaerobic Digestion in the 21st Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
Marcell Nikolausz ◽  
Jörg Kretzschmar
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Microbial Ecology ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Test System ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Biotechnological Process ◽  
Considerable Research

Despite being a mature biotechnological process, anaerobic digestion is still attracting considerable research attention, mainly due to its versatility both in substrate and product spectra, as well as being a perfect test system for the microbial ecology of anaerobes [...]

Wave Height Measurements Behind Submerged Lens-Shaped Structures

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew L. Bloxom ◽  
Karl D. von Ellenrieder ◽  
Matthew R. Anderson ◽  
Ryan S. Mieras ◽  
William S. Weidle
Keyword(s):  
Wave Height ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Geometrical Optics ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Focal Points ◽  
Wave Amplification ◽  
Strip Theory ◽  
Longitudinal Position

The ability of submerged lens-shaped structures to focus linear surface waves in deep water is explored through a series of experimental tests in a wave making basin. Three lenses were designed using a combination of linear strip theory and a surface wave analogy to geometrical optics. Two of these lenses were designed to focus waves of a single wavelength of 0.482 m (18.97 in.), one with a focal length to lens width ratio (f-number) of 2.0 and the other with an f-number of 0.5. The third lens was designed to function as a compound lens that could focus a range of wavelengths of between 0.39 m (15.37 in.) and 0.694 m (27.32 in.) at an f-number of 2.0. Using resistance wave height gauges, the sensitivity of wave height at the focus to variations in wavelength from between 0.39 m (15.37 in.) to 0.61 m (24.01 in.) was experimentally measured for all three lenses; the sensitivity of wave height at the focus to variations of lens depths of submergence spanning the range of between 0.75 to 1.25 times the design submergence depth was also explored for the two simple lenses. It was found that the linear strip theory and geometrical optics approach predicted the wave amplification to within ten percent at the design wavelengths and depths, but that the longitudinal position of the experimentally observed focal lengths differed substantially from that expected, by as much as a factor of 2.2 for an f-number of 0.5. Additionally, while the theory predicted a single focal point for each lens, multiple focal points were found to exist behind the compound lens.

scholarly journals Growth and Properties of Dislocated Two-dimensional Layered Materials

MRS Advances ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (64) ◽  
pp. 3437-3452
Author(s):  
Rui Chen ◽  
Jinhua Cao ◽  
Stephen Gee ◽  
Yin Liu ◽  
Jie Yao
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Properties ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
Layered Materials ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Stacking Order ◽  
2D Layered Materials ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Local Modification

AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) layered materials hosting dislocations have attracted considerable research attention in recent years. In particular, screw dislocations can result in a spiral topology and an interlayer twist in the layered materials, significantly impacting the stacking order and symmetry of the layers. Moreover, the dislocations with large strain and heavily distorted atomic registry can result in a local modification of the structures around the dislocation. The dislocations thus provide a useful route to engineering optical, electrical, thermal, mechanical and catalytic properties of the 2D layered materials, which show great potential to bring new functionalities. This article presents a comprehensive review of the experimental and theoretical progress on the growth and properties of the dislocated 2D layered materials. It also offers an outlook on the future works in this promising research field.

scholarly journals Using a Stochastic Agent Model to Optimize Performance in Divergent Interest Tacit Coordination Games

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 7026
Author(s):  
Dor Mizrahi ◽  
Inon Zuckerman ◽  
Ilan Laufer
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Belief System ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Coordination Games ◽  
Autonomous Agent ◽  
Behavioral Game Theory ◽  
Tacit Coordination ◽  
Better Than

In recent years collaborative robots have become major market drivers in industry 5.0, which aims to incorporate them alongside humans in a wide array of settings ranging from welding to rehabilitation. Improving human–machine collaboration entails using computational algorithms that will save processing as well as communication cost. In this study we have constructed an agent that can choose when to cooperate using an optimal strategy. The agent was designed to operate in the context of divergent interest tacit coordination games in which communication between the players is not possible and the payoff is not symmetric. The agent’s model was based on a behavioral model that can predict the probability of a player converging on prominent solutions with salient features (e.g., focal points) based on the player’s Social Value Orientation (SVO) and the specific game features. The SVO theory pertains to the preferences of decision makers when allocating joint resources between themselves and another player in the context of behavioral game theory. The agent selected stochastically between one of two possible policies, a greedy or a cooperative policy, based on the probability of a player to converge on a focal point. The distribution of the number of points obtained by the autonomous agent incorporating the SVO in the model was better than the results obtained by the human players who played against each other (i.e., the distribution associated with the agent had a higher mean value). Moreover, the distribution of points gained by the agent was better than any of the separate strategies the agent could choose from, namely, always choosing a greedy or a focal point solution. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to construct an intelligent agent that maximizes its utility by incorporating the belief system of the player in the context of tacit bargaining. This reward-maximizing strategy selection process based on the SVO can also be potentially applied in other human–machine contexts, including multiagent systems.

The role of network relationships in small wineries’ internationalization

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiia Vissak ◽  
Barbara Francioni ◽  
Fabio Musso
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Discussion Section ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wine Tourism ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Strategic Plans

Purpose This paper aims to examine the role of tourist-generated and other network relationships in small Italian wineries’ internationalization. Design/methodology/approach It is based on 14 cases of which four are discussed in detail. All 14 cases are summarized in two tables and analyzed in the Discussion section. Findings Most firms did not pre-plan their foreign activities. International wine tourism was a major source for creating the contacts necessary for their internationalization: they created relationships/networks in tourists’ home markets and, as a result, expanded there either through selling directly to tourists or to the importers they recommended. In addition, they relied on contacts created at trade fairs or by friends/relatives. Some internationalization attempts failed, as the firms were passive and lacked long-term strategic plans. Thus, these producers have not fully realized the potential of wine tourists’ contacts and other network relationships in their internationalization. Originality/value It shows how wineries benefited from tourists’ networks and other co-operative relationships and how, as a result, they started exporting, but also which problems they faced. These topics have not received considerable research attention yet.

Price Ceilings as Focal Points for Tacit Collusion: Evidence from Credit Cards

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 1703-1729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher R Knittel ◽  
Victor Stango
Keyword(s):  
Credit Card ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Credit Cards ◽  
State Level ◽  
Tacit Collusion ◽  
Focal Points ◽  
National Integration ◽  
Credit Card Market ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Perverse Effect

We test whether a nonbinding price ceiling may serve as a focal point for tacit collusion, using data from the credit card market during the 1980’s. Our empirical model can distinguish instances when firms match a binding ceiling from instances when firms tacitly collude at a nonbinding ceiling. The results suggest that tacit collusion at nonbinding state-level ceilings was prevalent during the early 1980’s, but that national integration of the market reduced the sustainability of tacit collusion by the end of the decade. The results highlight a perverse effect of price regulation.

scholarly journals On Some Properties of Focal Points

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
M. R. Ferchichi ◽  
I. Djellit
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Point ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Focal Points ◽  
Dynamical Properties

We consider some dynamical properties of two-dimensional maps having an inverse with vanishing denominator. We put in evidence a link between a fixed point of a map with fractional inverse and a focal point of this inverse.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document