scholarly journals Culture and cooperation: Examination of US-Japan differences in the framework of uncertainty avoidance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kodai Kusano
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Difference ◽  
Ultimatum Game ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Intolerance Of Uncertainty ◽  
Uncertainty Avoidance ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cultural Framework ◽  
Cooperative Behaviors ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Analysis

The objective of this thesis was to examine whether uncertainty avoidance dimension of culture produces Unites State-Japan differences in cooperative behavior. I examined how uncertainty operated to produce cooperative behaviors differently between American and Japanese subjects. The subjects' cooperative behaviors were observed during the ultimatum game. Individual differences in individualism-collectivism, intolerance of uncertainty, and neuroticism were also measured as potential mediators or covariates of the effect of uncertainty and country on the cooperative behavior. Data showed that although there was no cultural difference on cooperative behaviors between Americans and the Japanese, uncertainty generally increased cooperative behaviors across cultures. The individual-level analysis also demonstrated that the Japanese had higher intolerance of uncertainty than did Americans. This thesis suggests that the uncertainty avoidance dimension is a useful cultural framework to explore cultural differences between Americans and Japanese in various domains of behaviors.

Levels of Aggregation in Conjoint Analysis: An Empirical Comparison

1980 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 516-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Conjoint Analysis ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Segmentation Method ◽  
Empirical Comparison ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Aggregate Analysis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Analysis

Two segmented methods of performing conjoint anal/sis, clustered and componential segmentation, are compared with each other as well as with individual level and totally aggregate level analyses. The two segmented methods provide insights to the data that (1) are not obtainable at the aggregate level and (2) are in a form that is more easily communicated than the information from the individual level analysis. The predictive power of the clustered segmentation method is higher than that of componential segmentation, and both are superior to the aggregate analysis but inferior to individual level analysis.

scholarly journals Explaining Cooperative Behavior in Public Goods Games: How Preferences and Beliefs Affect Contribution Levels

Games ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Ackermann ◽  
Ryan Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Individual Choice ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Repeated Interaction ◽  
Public Goods Games ◽  
The Individual

There is a large body of evidence showing that a substantial proportion of people cooperate in public goods games, even if the situation is one-shot and completely anonymous. In the present study, we bring together two major endogenous factors that are known to affect cooperation levels, and in so doing replicate and extend previous empirical research on public goods problems in several important ways. We measure social preferences and concurrently elicit beliefs on the individual level using multiple methods, and at multiple times during the experiment. With this rich set of predictor variables at the individual level, we test how well individual contribution decisions can be accounted for in both a one-shot and a repeated interaction. We show that when heterogeneity in people’s preferences and beliefs is taken into consideration, more than 50% of the variance in individual choice behavior can be explained. Furthermore, we show that people do not only update their beliefs in a repeated public goods game, but also that their social preferences change, to some extent, in response to the choices of other decision makers.

scholarly journals Nonergodicity in Load and Recovery: Group Results Do Not Generalize to Individuals

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Niklas D. Neumann ◽  
Nico W. Van Yperen ◽  
Jur J. Brauers ◽  
Wouter Frencken ◽  
Michel S. Brink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Total Quality ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Quality Of Recovery ◽  
Level Statistics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Analysis

Purpose: The study of load and recovery gained significant interest in the last decades, given its important value in decreasing the likelihood of injuries and improving performance. So far, findings are typically reported on the group level, whereas practitioners are most often interested in applications at the individual level. Hence, the aim of the present research is to examine to what extent group-level statistics can be generalized to individual athletes, which is referred to as the “ergodicity issue.” Nonergodicity may have serious consequences for the way we should analyze, and work with, load and recovery measures in the sports field. Methods: The authors collected load, that is, rating of perceived exertion × training duration, and total quality of recovery data among youth male players of a professional football club. This data were collected daily across 2 seasons and analyzed on both the group and the individual level. Results: Group- and individual-level analysis resulted in different statistical outcomes, particularly with regard to load. Specifically, SDs within individuals were up to 7.63 times larger than SDs between individuals. In addition, at either level, the authors observed different correlations between load and recovery. Conclusions: The results suggest that the process of load and recovery in athletes is nonergodic, which has important implications for the sports field. Recommendations for training programs of individual athletes may be suboptimal, or even erroneous, when guided by group-level outcomes. The utilization of individual-level analysis is key to ensure the optimal balance of individual load and recovery.

scholarly journals Racialised professionals’ experiences of selective incivility in organisations: A multi-level analysis of subtle racism

2020 ◽  
pp. 001872672095772
Author(s):  
Mustafa Bilgehan Ozturk ◽  
Aykut Berber
Keyword(s):  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Subtle Racism ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
Conditions Of Possibility ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
Organisational Level

This article explores how racialised professionals experience selective incivility in UK organisations. Analysing 22 in-depth, semi-structured interviews, we provide multi-level findings that relate to individual, organisational and societal phenomena to illuminate the workings of subtle racism. On the individual level, selective incivility appears as articulated through ascriptions of excess and deficit that marginalise racialised professionals; biased actions by white employees who operate as honest liars or strategic coverers; and white defensiveness against selective incivility claims. On the organisational level, organisational whitewashing, management denial and upstream exclusion constitute the key enablers of selective incivility. On the societal level, dynamic changes relating to increasing intolerance outside organisations indirectly yet sharply fuel selective incivility within organisations. Finally, racialised professionals experience intersectional (dis-)advantages at the imbrications of individual, organisation and society levels, shaping within-group variations in experiences of workplace selective incivility. Throughout all three levels of analysis and their interplay, differences in power and privilege inform the conditions of possibility for and the continual reproduction of selective incivility.

Evaluating subscore uses across multiple levels: A case of reading and listening subscores for young EFL learners

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikkyu Choi ◽  
Spiros Papageorgiou
Keyword(s):  
Classical Test Theory ◽  
Test Theory ◽  
Added Value ◽  
School Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Foreign Language Learners ◽  
Language Tests ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Analysis

Stakeholders of language tests are often interested in subscores. However, reporting a subscore is not always justified; a subscore should provide reliable and distinct information to be worth reporting. When a subscore is used for decisions across multiple levels (e.g., individual test takers and schools), it needs to be justified for its reliability and distinctiveness at every relevant level. In this study, we examined whether reporting seven Reading and Listening subscores of the TOEFL Primary® test, a standardized English proficiency test for young English as a foreign language learners, could be justified for reporting at individual and school levels. We analyzed data collected in pilot administrations, in which 4776 students from 51 schools participated. We employed the classical test theory (CTT) based approaches of Haberman (2008) and Haberman, Sinharay, and Puhan (2009) for the individual and school-level investigations, respectively. We also supplemented the CTT-based approaches with a factor analytic approach for the individual level analysis and a multilevel modeling approach for the school-level analysis. The results differed across the two levels: we found little support for reporting the subscores at the individual level, but strong evidence supporting the added-value of the school-level subscores when the sample size for each school exceeds 50.

EXPRESS: Trust Propensity across Cultures: The Role of Collectivism

2021 ◽  
pp. 1069031X2110366
Author(s):  
Stanford A. Westjohn ◽  
Peter Magnusson ◽  
George R. Franke ◽  
Yi Peng
Keyword(s):  
Past Research ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Trust Propensity ◽  
Explanatory Mechanism ◽  
Level Analysis

Does collectivism influence an individual's willingness to trust others? Conflicting empirical results from past research and the role of trust in international marketing make this question important to resolve. We investigate this question across cultures and at the individual level with four studies using multiple methods. Study 1 establishes correlational evidence between societal-level collectivism and individual-level trust propensity with results from a multi-level analysis of data from over 6,000 respondents in 36 different countries. Study 2 offers an individual-level analysis using the trust game, introducing a more rigorous behavioral outcome variable. Study 3 contributes causal evidence at the individual level based on experiments in both the US and China and offers evidence of social projection as the explanatory mechanism. Finally, Study 4 demonstrates managerial relevance by using advertising to prime collectivism and assessing its effect on trust in the firm.

A Multi-Level Analysis of Organizational Justice Climate, Structure, and Employee Mental Health†

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 724-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chester S. Spell ◽  
Todd J. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Organizational Justice ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Employee Mental Health ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Level Analysis

This study uses a sample of 483 employees to investigate how fairness assessments and organizational structure relate to employee mental health. The authors explain these effects using a social contagion framework, which describes the creation of group effects that would occur in addition to individual-level influences. They found that the interactive effects of distributive and procedural justice climates significantly influence individual feelings of both anxiety and depression. This effect goes beyond the main effects of justice at the individual level.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Dental Caries in 5- and 6-Year-Old Myanmar Children

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiaki Nomura ◽  
Khin Maung ◽  
Eint Min Kay Khine ◽  
Khin Myo Sint ◽  
May Phyo Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Item Response ◽  
School Children ◽  
Caries Prevalence ◽  
National Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Analysis

There are no national data available of the oral health in Myanmar. In this study, we examined dental caries status of 187 school children located in the suburban area of Naypyidaw, capital of Myanmar, at the age of five and six and analyzed by the individual level and tooth level. Maxillary D and B were sensitive for dental caries almost at the same level. They were less sensitive than maxillary A. Mandibular A and B were tolerant for dental caries. Prevalence of dental caries in Myanmar children was still high. By applying item response theory and multilevel modeling, tooth level analysis can be implemented to confirm the tendency for sensitivity or tolerance for dental caries by the tooth level.

scholarly journals Religiousness and existential insecurity: A cross-national comparative analysis on the macro- and micro-level

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz Höllinger ◽  
Johanna Muckenhuber
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Life Conditions ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Analysis ◽  
Cross National

In Sacred and Secular (2011 [2004]) Norris and Inglehart argued that improvements in material living conditions and higher degrees of existential security lead to a decline in religiousness both on the macro-level of the comparison between countries and on the individual level. Since then, a number of studies have examined this relationship and confirmed the assumptions of the existential security thesis. This article revisits this thesis using data from the sixth wave of the World Values Survey (2010–2014). The multi-level analysis reveals two key results. Consistent with previous studies, a strong correlation was found between better life conditions and lower levels of religiousness on the macro-level. Individual life conditions and threatening experiences, however, have only a very small impact on religiousness. Possible explanations for the discrepancy between macro-level and micro-level results are discussed in the final section.

Social capital and knowledge transfer: A multi-level analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 1401-1423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Wei ◽  
Wei Zheng ◽  
Mian Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Individual Social Capital ◽  
Joint Influence ◽  
Structural Equivalence ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Level Analysis

This study explores how individual level and team level social capital characteristics manifest their joint influence on knowledge transfer, considering team social capital as a moderator between individual social capital and knowledge transfer. Situated in a post-training context, a survey of 390 individuals from 30 teams in a Chinese bank was conducted. Our results revealed that team social capital interacted with individual social capital in influencing knowledge transfer. At the individual level, distance and structural equivalence between the knowledge seeker and the knowledge source influenced how much knowledge was transferred between them. Furthermore, team network density mitigated the negative effect of distance on knowledge transfer, and team learning culture reduced the positive effect of structural equivalence on knowledge transfer. Theoretical implications based on the findings are drawn.

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