scholarly journals Developmental changes in reward processing are reward specific

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastijan Veselič ◽  
Claire Rosalie Smid ◽  
Nikolaus Steinbeis
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Profound Impact ◽  
Human Motivation ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Future Work

Rewards have a profound impact on human motivation, cognition, affect and behavior. The study of reward processing and the effects of incentives thus occupies a central place in psychology and cognitive neuroscience. A core assumption when comparing groups or individuals is that reward types are valued equally. Here we test the validity of this assumption in a sample of 26 adults 23children (7-11 years) using both primary (i.e. pleasant taste) and secondary rewards (i.e. money). We show that adults value money more than pleasant tastes, while children value them equally, a developmental pattern replicated across three distinct tasks including subjective valuation, willingness to exert cognitive effort, and the invigorating effects on cognitive control. Our findings suggest that money increases in value with age, presumably with experience, and warrant caution when interpreting group differences in reward processing, at least in a developmental framework. Future work should expand to using incentives that are appropriate to the groups under investigation.

scholarly journals Strengths and Weaknesses of Cognitive Theory

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 1584-1593
Author(s):  
Mana Alahmad
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Mental Model ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Cognitive Learning ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Clinical Experiences ◽  
Human Motivation ◽  
The World ◽  
Memory Knowledge ◽  
And Behavior

This paper focuses on strengths and weaknesses of the Cognitive Theory. Many theories have been proposed over the years to explain the developmental changes that people undergo over the course of their lives. These theories differ in the conceptions of human nature they adopt and in what they regard to be the basic causes and mechanisms of human motivation and behavior. Piaget's theory of cognitive development explains how a child constructs a mental model of the world. He disagreed with the idea that intelligence was a fixed trait, and regarded cognitive development as a process which occurs due to biological maturation and interaction with the environment. Cognitive learning theory is best used to guide learning when trying to build usefulness Knowledge structures, and clinical reasoning teaching. The theory suggests that Clinical exercise is crucial to the organization of Memory Knowledge and Recall Facilitation. This means teachers will be expected to be aware of prior clinical experiences of the learner before assessing the learner’s experience Powerful performance.

scholarly journals The Psychology of Authenticity

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Degree Of Convergence ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Future Work

Perceptions of authenticity (or, inauthenticity) have been shown to affect people’s judgments and behavior across a wide variety of domains. However, there is still ambiguity about how the concept should be defined. This is attributable, at least in part, to a growing list of different “kinds of authenticity” with little discussion of the potential overlaps between them. The goal of this paper is to reduce these various notions of authenticity into a more manageable set of constructs. Building on the work of Newman and Smith (2016a), three broad kinds of authenticity are proposed: Historical, Categorical, and Values authenticity. Two studies then examine the extent to which people’s conceptions of authenticity naturally segment into these three types. Specifically, Study 1 asks participants about the various ways in which they might assess authenticity, whereas Study 2 examines individual differences in sensitivity to different kinds of inauthenticity. The results from both studies indicate a striking degree of convergence in support of these three broad dimensions. Moreover, different populations appear to be differentially concerned about these various ways of evaluating authenticity. The implications of this framework for existing and future work in this area are discussed.

Candidate Preference, State Context, and Voter Turnout: Comparing Non-Voters and Voters in the 2016 Presidential Election

The Forum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-227
Author(s):  
Vladimir E. Medenica ◽  
Matthew Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Electoral Behavior ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Contextual Variation ◽  
Candidate Preference ◽  
2016 Election ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
Future Work ◽  
State Context

Abstract While much attention has been paid to understanding the drivers of support for Donald Trump, less focus has been placed on understanding the factors that led individuals to turn out and vote or stay home. This paper compares non-voters and voters in the 2016 election and explores how self-reported candidate preference prior to the election predicted turnout across three different state contexts: (1) all states, (2) closely contested states won by Trump, and (3) closely contested states won by Clinton. We find that preference for both candidates predicted turnout in the aggregate (all states) and in closely contested states won by Clinton, but only preference for Trump predicted turnout in the closely contested states won by Trump. Moreover, we find that political interest is negatively associated with preference for Clinton when examining candidate preferences among non-voters. Our analysis suggests that non-voters in the 2016 election held meaningful candidate preferences that impacted voter turnout but that state context played an important role in this relationship. This study sheds light on an understudied component of the 2016 election, the attitudes and behavior of non-voters, as well as points to the importance of incorporating contextual variation in future work on electoral behavior and voter turnout.

scholarly journals Special Issue: Neural Bases of Cognitive Processing

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1286
Author(s):  
Francesco Di Russo ◽  
Stefania Lucia
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Neural Bases ◽  
And Behavior

The main aim of Cognitive Neuroscience is investigating how brain functions lead to mental processes and behavior [...]

The Role of Death in Life: Existential Aspects of Human Motivation

2012 ◽  
pp. 42-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pelin Kesebir ◽  
Tom Pyszczynski
Keyword(s):  
Self Regulation ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Existential Anxiety ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Human Motivation ◽  
And Behavior

The capacity for self-reflection, which plays an important role in human self-regulation, also leads people to become aware of the limitations of their existence. Awareness of the conflict between one's desires (e.g., to live) and the limitations of existence (e.g., the inevitability of death) creates the potential for existential anxiety. In this chapter, we review how this anxiety affects human motivation and behavior in a variety of life domains. Terror management theory and research suggest that transcending death and protecting oneself against existential anxiety are potent needs. This protection is provided by an anxiety-buffering system, which imbues people with a sense of meaning and value that function to shield them against these concerns. We review evidence of how the buffering system protects against existential anxiety in four dimensions of existence: the physical, personal, social, and spiritual domains. Because self-awareness is a prerequisite for existential anxiety, escaping self-awareness can also be an effective way to obviate the problem of existence. After elaborating on how existential anxiety can motivate escape from self-awareness, we conclude the chapter with a discussion of remaining issues and directions for future research and theory development.

The Unfolding of Cognitive Effort During Sentence Processing: Pupillometric Evidence From People With and Without Aphasia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Laura Roche Chapman ◽  
Brooke Hallowell
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Task Engagement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Language Deficits ◽  
Pupillary Responses

Purpose: Arousal and cognitive effort are relevant yet often overlooked components of attention during language processing. Pupillometry can be used to provide a psychophysiological index of arousal and cognitive effort. Given that much is unknown regarding the relationship between cognition and language deficits seen in people with aphasia (PWA), pupillometry may be uniquely suited to explore those relationships. The purpose of this study was to examine arousal and the time course of the allocation of cognitive effort related to sentence processing in people with and without aphasia. Method: Nineteen PWA and age- and education-matched control participants listened to relatively easy (subject-relative) and relatively difficult (object-relative) sentences and were required to answer occasional comprehension questions. Tonic and phasic pupillary responses were used to index arousal and the unfolding of cognitive effort, respectively, while sentences were processed. Group differences in tonic and phasic responses were examined. Results: Group differences were observed for both tonic and phasic responses. PWA exhibited greater overall arousal throughout the task compared with controls, as evidenced by larger tonic pupil responses. Controls exhibited more effort (greater phasic responses) for difficult compared with easy sentences; PWA did not. Group differences in phasic responses were apparent during end-of-sentence and postsentence time windows. Conclusions: Results indicate that the attentional state of PWA in this study was not consistently supportive of adequate task engagement. PWA in our sample may have relatively limited attentional capacity or may have challenges with allocating existing capacity in ways that support adequate task engagement and performance. This work adds to the body of evidence supporting the validity of pupillometric tasks for the study of aphasia and contributes to a better understanding of the nature of language deficits in aphasia. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.16959376

24.3 Reward Processing and Behavior Traits in Female Youth: Implications for Psychiatric Vulnerabilities

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. S200
Author(s):  
Heather Hower ◽  
Megan Shott ◽  
Lot Sternheim ◽  
Skylar Swindle ◽  
Tamara Pryor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reward Processing ◽  
Female Youth ◽  
And Behavior

Synthetic approaches to cognitive neuroscience

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 548-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olaf Sporns
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Computational Approaches ◽  
Levels Of Organization ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Organizational Levels ◽  
Synthetic Approaches ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

Cognition and behavior are the result of neural processes occurring at multiple levels of organization. Synthetic computational approaches are capable of bridging the gaps between multiple organizational levels and contribute to our understanding of how neural structures give rise to specific dynamical states. Such approaches are indispensable for formulating the theoretical foundations of cognitive neuroscience.

scholarly journals Iconic semiosis and representational efficiency in the London Underground Diagram

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Atã ◽  
Breno Bitarello ◽  
João Queiroz
Keyword(s):  
Niche Construction ◽  
Urban Transportation ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
London Underground ◽  
And Behavior

AbstractThe icon is the type of sign connected to efficient representational features, and its manipulation reveals more information about its object. The London Underground Diagram (LUD) is an iconic artifact and a well-known example of representational efficiency, having been copied by urban transportation systems worldwide. This paper investigates the efficiency of the LUD in the light of different conceptions of iconicity. We stress that a specialized representation is an icon of the formal structure of the problem for which it has been specialized. By embedding such rules of action and behavior, the icon acts as a semiotic artifact distributing cognitive effort and participating in niche construction.

A neural network-based machine learning approach for supporting synthesis

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nenad Ivezic ◽  
James H. Garrett
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Preliminary Test ◽  
Learning Approach ◽  
Machine Learning Approach ◽  
Estimation Function ◽  
Design Property ◽  
Design Requirements ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Connectionist Learning

AbstractThe goal of machine learning for artifact synthesis is the acquisition of the relationships among form, function, and behavior properties that can be used to determine more directly form attributes that satisfy design requirements. The proposed approach to synthesis knowledge acquisition and use (SKAU) described in this paper, called NETSYN, creates a function to estimate the probability of each possible value of each design property being used in a given design context. NETSYN uses a connectionist learning approach to acquire and represent this probability estimation function and exhibits good performance when tested on an artificial design problem. This paper presents the NETSYN approach for SKAU, a preliminary test of its capability, and a discussion of issues that need to be addressed in future work.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document