24.3 Reward Processing and Behavior Traits in Female Youth: Implications for Psychiatric Vulnerabilities

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. S200
Author(s):  
Heather Hower ◽  
Megan Shott ◽  
Lot Sternheim ◽  
Skylar Swindle ◽  
Tamara Pryor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reward Processing ◽  
Female Youth ◽  
And Behavior

scholarly journals Extrahypothalamic Control of Energy Balance and Its Connection with Reproduction: Roles of the Amygdala

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 837
Author(s):  
Rafael Pineda ◽  
Encarnacion Torres ◽  
Manuel Tena-Sempere
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Gonadal Function ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
Physiological Control ◽  
Integral Control ◽  
Nutritional Conditions ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Body Energy

Body energy and metabolic homeostasis are exquisitely controlled by multiple, often overlapping regulatory mechanisms, which permit the tight adjustment between fuel reserves, internal needs, and environmental (e.g., nutritional) conditions. As such, this function is sensitive to and closely connected with other relevant bodily systems, including reproduction and gonadal function. The aim of this mini-review article is to summarize the most salient experimental data supporting a role of the amygdala as a key brain region for emotional learning and behavior, including reward processing, in the physiological control of feeding and energy balance. In particular, a major focus will be placed on the putative interplay between reproductive signals and amygdala pathways, as it pertains to the control of metabolism, as complementary, extrahypothalamic circuit for the integral control of energy balance and gonadal function.

scholarly journals Meta-analytic clustering dissociates brain activity and behavior profiles across reward processing paradigms

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica S. Flannery ◽  
Michael C. Riedel ◽  
Katherine L. Bottenhorn ◽  
Ranjita Poudel ◽  
Taylor Salo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Behavior Profiles

Hyporesponsive Reward Anticipation in the Basal Ganglia following Severe Institutional Deprivation Early in Life

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 2316-2325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitul A. Mehta ◽  
Emma Gore-Langton ◽  
Nicole Golembo ◽  
Emma Colvert ◽  
Steven C. R. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Reward Anticipation ◽  
Functional Imaging Study ◽  
Comparable Performance ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
First Time

Severe deprivation in the first few years of life is associated with multiple difficulties in cognition and behavior. However, the brain basis for these difficulties is poorly understood. Structural and functional neuroimaging studies have implicated limbic system structures as dysfunctional, and one functional imaging study in a heterogeneous group of maltreated individuals has confirmed the presence of abnormalities in the basal ganglia. Based on these studies and known dopaminergic abnormalities from studies in experimental animals using social isolation, we used a task of monetary reward anticipation to examine the functional integrity of brain regions previously shown to be implicated in reward processing. Our sample included a group of adolescents (n = 12) who had experienced global deprivation early in their lives in Romania prior to adoption into UK families. In contrast to a nonadopted comparison group (n = 11), the adoptees did not recruit the striatum during reward anticipation despite comparable performance accuracy and latency. These results show, for the first time, an association between early institutional deprivation and brain reward systems in humans and highlight potential neural vulnerabilities resulting from such exposures.

Cardiac signals and the interference of reward on attention and inhibitory control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateo Leganes-Fonteneau ◽  
Charlotte Rae
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Cardiac Phase ◽  
Alcohol Cues ◽  
Cardiac Signals ◽  
Behavioral Evidence ◽  
And Behavior

Interoceptive responses can act as potent cues to cognition and behavior; discrete cardiac signals can shape emotional and motivational adaptation towards reward-related cues, but also affect response inhibition. Novel addiction perspectives posit an interoceptive basis for the interplay between reward processing and inhibitory control, but there is a lack of behavioral evidence for this relationship. In this registered report we extend on previous findings to examine how reward cues interact with cardiac-facilitated attention and motor inhibition. Across two sessions, a sample of 35 social drinkers will complete a visual search task (VST) and two instances of a stop signal task (SST). In each task, alcohol or neutral cues will be presented as targets or distractors respectively. In the VST, target stimuli will be presented synchronized with participants’ cardiac phase (systole vs. diastole), examining how cardiac signals support alcohol attentional biases. In a modified SST, Go cues will appear synchronized with cardiac phase while alcohol or neutral cues appear as distractors, examining how cardiac signals increase reward interference in inhibitory control. Finally, in another instance of the SST, Stop signals will appear synchronized with cardiac phase, examining whether interoceptive signals can improve inhibitory control in the presence of reward cues. We hypothesize, at systole, higher attentional biases and interference in inhibitory control for alcohol cues, and that Stop signals can facilitate response inhibition. These results can provide evidence for the role of cardiac signaling in alcohol attentional biases and inhibitory control, extending our understanding of the interoceptive components of addiction.

scholarly journals Developmental changes in reward processing are reward specific

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastijan Veselič ◽  
Claire Rosalie Smid ◽  
Nikolaus Steinbeis
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Profound Impact ◽  
Human Motivation ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Future Work

Rewards have a profound impact on human motivation, cognition, affect and behavior. The study of reward processing and the effects of incentives thus occupies a central place in psychology and cognitive neuroscience. A core assumption when comparing groups or individuals is that reward types are valued equally. Here we test the validity of this assumption in a sample of 26 adults 23children (7-11 years) using both primary (i.e. pleasant taste) and secondary rewards (i.e. money). We show that adults value money more than pleasant tastes, while children value them equally, a developmental pattern replicated across three distinct tasks including subjective valuation, willingness to exert cognitive effort, and the invigorating effects on cognitive control. Our findings suggest that money increases in value with age, presumably with experience, and warrant caution when interpreting group differences in reward processing, at least in a developmental framework. Future work should expand to using incentives that are appropriate to the groups under investigation.

How Homo economicus lost her mind and how we can revive her

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter DeScioli
Keyword(s):  
Economic Thought ◽  
History Of Economic Thought ◽  
Homo Economicus ◽  
Economic Theories ◽  
Target Article ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mind ◽  
And Behavior

AbstractThe target article by Boyer & Petersen (B&P) contributes a vital message: that people have folk economic theories that shape their thoughts and behavior in the marketplace. This message is all the more important because, in the history of economic thought, Homo economicus was increasingly stripped of mental capacities. Intuitive theories can help restore the mind of Homo economicus.

The parent-offspring microbiome and neurobehavioral development

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey R. Alberts ◽  
Christopher Harshaw ◽  
Gregory E. Demas ◽  
Cara L. Wellman ◽  
Ardythe L. Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Neurobehavioral Development ◽  
Emotional Function ◽  
Neurobehavioral Outcomes ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract We identify the significance and typical requirements of developmental analyses of the microbiome-gut-brain (MGB) in parents, offspring, and parent-offspring relations, which have particular importance for neurobehavioral outcomes in mammalian species, including humans. We call for a focus on behavioral measures of social-emotional function. Methodological approaches to interpreting relations between the microbiota and behavior are discussed.

TEM evaluation of graded SixGe1-x heterolayers

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 894-895
Author(s):  
N. David Theodore ◽  
Mamoru Tomozane ◽  
Ming Liaw
Keyword(s):  
Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Field Effect Transistors ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Bipolar Transistors ◽  
Structural Quality ◽  
Weak Beam ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
And Behavior

There is extensive interest in SiGe for use in heterojunction bipolar transistors. SiGe/Si superlattices are also of interest because of their potential for use in infrared detectors and field-effect transistors. The processing required for these materials is quite compatible with existing silicon technology. However, before SiGe can be used extensively for devices, there is a need to understand and then control the origin and behavior of defects in the materials. The present study was aimed at investigating the structural quality of, and the behavior of defects in, graded SiGe layers grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD).The structures investigated in this study consisted of Si1-xGex[x=0.16]/Si1-xGex[x= 0.14, 0.13, 0.12, 0.10, 0.09, 0.07, 0.05, 0.04, 0.005, 0]/epi-Si/substrate heterolayers grown by CVD. The Si1-xGex layers were isochronally grown [t = 0.4 minutes per layer], with gas-flow rates being adjusted to control composition. Cross-section TEM specimens were prepared in the 110 geometry. These were then analyzed using two-beam bright-field, dark-field and weak-beam images. A JEOL JEM 200CX transmission electron microscope was used, operating at 200 kV.

Formation of defects in implanted hipox-structures

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1406-1407
Author(s):  
Peter Pegler ◽  
N. David Theodore ◽  
Ming Pan
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Semiconductor Devices ◽  
Silicon Substrates ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Pressure Oxidation ◽  
Deep Trench ◽  
Local Oxidation ◽  
Trench Isolation ◽  
And Behavior

High-pressure oxidation of silicon (HIPOX) is one of various techniques used for electrical-isolation of semiconductor-devices on silicon substrates. Other techniques have included local-oxidation of silicon (LOCOS), poly-buffered LOCOS, deep-trench isolation and separation of silicon by implanted oxygen (SIMOX). Reliable use of HIPOX for device-isolation requires an understanding of the behavior of the materials and structures being used and their interactions under different processing conditions. The effect of HIPOX-related stresses in the structures is of interest because structuraldefects, if formed, could electrically degrade devices.This investigation was performed to study the origin and behavior of defects in recessed HIPOX (RHIPOX) structures. The structures were exposed to a boron implant. Samples consisted of (i) RHlPOX'ed strip exposed to a boron implant, (ii) recessed strip prior to HIPOX, but exposed to a boron implant, (iii) test-pad prior to HIPOX, (iv) HIPOX'ed region away from R-HIPOX edge. Cross-section TEM specimens were prepared in the <110> substrate-geometry.

Language and Behavior Disorders in School-Age Children: Comorbidity and Communication in the Classroom

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 111-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Hollo
Keyword(s):  
Language Impairment ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Language Disorder ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Behavioral Support ◽  
School Professionals ◽  
Development Characteristic ◽  
And Behavior

Language development is the foundation for competence in social, emotional, behavioral, and academic performance. Although language impairment (LI) is known to co-occur with behavioral and mental health problems, LI is likely to be overlooked in school-age children with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD; Hollo, Wehby, & Oliver, in press). Because language deficits may contribute to the problem behavior and poor social development characteristic of children with EBD, the consequences of an undiagnosed language disorder can be devastating. Implications include the need to train school professionals to recognize communication deficits. Further, it is critically important that specialists collaborate to provide linguistic and behavioral support for students with EBD and LI.

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