scholarly journals Concurrently observed actions are represented as independent actions and not as a compound action

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emiel Cracco ◽  
Clara Van Isterdael ◽  
Oliver Genschow ◽  
Marcel Brass
Keyword(s):  
Motor System ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Middle Finger ◽  
Automatic Imitation ◽  
System P ◽  
Independence Hypothesis ◽  
Imitation Inhibition ◽  
Competing Hypotheses ◽  
Lift Index ◽  
Compound Action

Recent research suggests that we can simultaneously represent the actions of multiple agents in our motor system. However, it is currently unclear exactly how we represent their actions. Here, we tested two competing hypotheses. According to the independence hypothesis, we represent concurrently observed actions as independent, competing actions. According to the compound hypothesis, we instead integrate those actions, whenever possible, into compound actions. In Experiment 1 (N = 32), we first show that the standard imitation-inhibition task with a single hand can be extended to measure automatic imitation of compound actions. In Experiment 2 (N = 55), we then tested how we represent concurrently observed actions by further extending this task to include two hands performing identical or different actions. The results revealed that two hands performing two different actions (e.g., one hand lifts index finger, one hand lifts middle finger) produced an effect similar to that of both hands performing just one of those actions (e.g., both hands lift index finger) but different from that of both hands performing both actions together (e.g., lift both index and middle finger). As such, our results show that concurrently observed actions are coded separately in the motor system.

scholarly journals Money priming and self-other focus

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Genschow ◽  
Johannes Schuler ◽  
Emiel Cracco ◽  
Marcel Brass ◽  
Michaela Wänke
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Automatic Imitation ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Imitation Inhibition ◽  
Trial Basis ◽  
Cautious Interpretation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Explicit Measures

The self-sufficiency hypothesis suggests that priming individuals with money makes them focus more strongly on themselves than on others. However, recently, research supporting this claim has been heavily criticized and some attempts to replicate have failed. A reason for the inconsistent findings in the field may lay in the common use of explicit measures, because they tend to rely on one or just a few items and are thus prone to demand effects and low reliability. In the present research, we administered, in two experiments, the imitation-inhibition task—a robust, unobtrusive and reliable paradigm that is sensitive to self-other focus on a trial-by-trial basis. A pilot study found an increased focus on the self as compared to others when primed with money. Building on this finding, a preregistered high-powered experiment replicated this effect, suggesting that money primes may indeed increase a focus on the self. An additionally carried out meta-analysis indicates that automatic imitation is modulated by self-other focus and that money primes lead to a smaller focus on the self than conventional methods. Overall the found effects are rather small and several limitations, such as order effects, call for a cautious interpretation of the findings.

scholarly journals Smart textile device for shooter’s fingers movement monitoring

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Adelina Vevere ◽  
Alexander Oks ◽  
Alexei Katashev ◽  
Galina Terlecka ◽  
Laima Saiva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
Grip Force ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Middle Finger ◽  
Smart Textile ◽  
Single Sensor ◽  
Fast Release ◽  
Movement Monitoring

BACKGROUND: The manner in which shooters pull the trigger may significantly affect the shooter’s results. Shooting coaches are often not able to detect incorrect pull because of gun movement during the shot and recoil. OBJECTIVE: Development of the smart-textile based trigger pull monitoring system and demonstration of its ability to distinguish correct and wrong triggering techniques. METHODS: Two separated knitted resistive pressure sensors were integrated over III and II phalanges in the index finger fingerstall; single sensor was integrated over both III and II phalanges of the middle finger fingerstall. Resistance of the sensors was measured in a course of shots, performed by expert shooter, which simulated typical novice’s trigger pull errors. RESULTS: Sensors’ resistance recordings were made for following erroneous trigger pull motions: pulling of the trigger with index finger’s II phalanx instead of III; fast and jerky trigger pull (trigger tear-off); too fast release of the trigger after shot; and excessive grip force, applied by middle finger. For each type of erroneous movement, recordings waveforms included distinguishable features that characterised a particular type of error. CONCLUSIONS: The developed trigger pull monitoring system provides signals that could be used for recognition of the incorrect trigger pull motions during gun shots.

An anatomic study of flexor tendon sheaths: a cadaveric study

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 762-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. FUSSEY ◽  
K. F. CHIN ◽  
N. GOGI ◽  
S. GELLA ◽  
S. C. DESHMUKH
Keyword(s):  
Flexor Tendon ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Ring Finger ◽  
Middle Finger ◽  
Tendon Sheath ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Anatomic Study ◽  
Patterns Of Communication ◽  
Flexor Tendon Sheath ◽  
Spread Of Infection

Previous descriptions of the pattern of communication between the digital flexor tendon sheaths have been largely based on imaging studies. An anatomic study on 12 cadaveric hands was conducted using water soluble dye and directly observed patterns of communication between the digital flexor tendon sheaths and the radial and ulnar bursae. Four out of twelve specimens (33%) demonstrated a communication between the radial and ulnar bursae. The ulnar bursa communicated with the ring finger flexor sheath in two specimens, and the index finger flexor sheath in two specimens. One hand (8.3%) showed communication between the middle finger tendon sheath and radial bursa and between the index finger flexor tendon sheath and radial bursa. These findings show a considerable level of variation in communicating patterns between the synovial sheaths of the hand and wrist. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of variations to the classical presentation of spread of infection through the digital flexor sheaths.

scholarly journals Event-related synchronization/desynchronization in terms of manual motor program switching in men

Biologija ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olha Korzhyk ◽  
Olha Pavlovych ◽  
Lyudmyla Shvarts ◽  
Tetyana Shevchuk ◽  
Olena Dmytrotsa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Index Finger ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
International System ◽  
Motor Program ◽  
Middle Finger ◽  
Parietal Lobes ◽  
Low Tone ◽  
The Right ◽  
Change Response ◽  
Manual Movement

The scientific community is paying increasing attention to the characteristics of brain processes providing switch of manual motor programs. Thirty-two right-handed men aged 18–23 years participated in the experiment. The EEG registration was performed according to the international system 10/20, with closed eyes during manual reactions in the Go-Stop-Change paradigm. In the case of a low tone (70%), men had to press the left button of the console (go-response) with the right index finger. A high tone (30%) required rapid pressing of the right button (stop-change-response) with the middle finger. Event-related desynchronization and synchronization of the spectral power of the EEG frequency (6 Hz to 23 Hz) were estimated in the Matlab environment. Significant ERS response is established at the frequency of 6 Hz in symmetrical frontal, central and parietal parts, at 9 Hz – in the left parietal area, at 14–15 Hz – in frontal, central, and parietal areas of the right cortex, and at the frequency of 22 Hz – in the right frontal lobe. However, EEG desynchronization is recorded at the frequency of 7–8 Hz in the frontal and central areas of both hemispheres. The most sensitive to the manual movement stop followed by switching to an alternative event is associated with synchronization of electrical cortical activity, which showed higher values of the spectral power at the frequency of 6 Hz and 14–15 Hz in frontal and central allocations, and was lower at the frequency of 16–17 Hz in both parietal lobes than that during the Go-response.

scholarly journals Analysis of the effect of fingertip size for sex differences in current perception thresholds with transcutaneous electrical stimulation in healthy subjects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin-ichiro Seno ◽  
Hideaki Shimazu ◽  
Eiki Kogure ◽  
Atsushi Watanabe ◽  
Hiroko Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Ring Finger ◽  
Middle Finger ◽  
Perception Threshold ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Current Perception Threshold ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Little Finger

Abstract Objective This study aimed to measure the current perception threshold (CPT) of five fingertips of the left hand in healthy subjects and analyze whether sex differences in perception thresholds are suppressed when adjusting for fingertip size among males and females. Results For fingertips from the thumb to the little finger, the males’ CPT values were 1.03, 0.83, 0.86, 0.86, and 0.88 mA; the females’ results were 0.63, 0.55, 0.54, 0.51, and 0.50 mA. The CPTs were higher in males than in females for every fingertip. Upon adjusting for fingertip length, the log-transformed CPT values were found to have sex differences, except for the index finger: thumb, t(20.05) = 3.493, p = 0.002; middle finger, U(30) = 44.50, p = 0.005; ring finger, t(30) = 55.50, p = 0.018; little finger, U(30) = 30.00, p = 0.001. Similarly, the CPT values, transformed into log values when adjusting for the fingertip area, were found to have sex differences for three fingertips: thumb, t(18) = 2.649, p = 0.016; middle finger, U(20) = 12.00, p = 0.004; ring finger, t(18) = 2.206, p = 0.041. According to this study, sex differences in CPTs were not completely abolished by adjusting for fingertip length or area.

scholarly journals Variations in palmar dermatoglyphics among congenital deaf cases: a comparative study

2014 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
B S Suresh ◽  
Raghavendra A Y.
Keyword(s):  
Index Finger ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Deaf Child ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Middle Finger ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Ridge Count ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Normal Speech

Abstract Background: Dermatoglyphics, the scientific study of the origin, development and variation of dermal ridges and patterns on the fingers, palms and soles have been employed to observe association with many congenital defects and genetic diseases. Congenital deafness refers to a hearing loss which is believed to have been present since birth. A congenitally deaf child is also a mute because for normal speech to develop in a child, hearing sensation must be intact. Materials and methods: The study involved 100 congenital deaf and mute children of age groups ranging from 7 years to 20 years. Out of them 50 were males and 50 females. The following parameters were considered after collecting the prints : Digital patterns, digital counts, a-b ridge count (which is done by counting the ridges found at the intersect between point 'a'- the base of the index finger to point 'b' - the base of the middle finger), 'atd' (angle made by connecting the 'a', 't'and'd' triradii points on the palm and 'dat' angles (angle made by joining the 'd', 'a' and 't' triradii points on the palm). Results: The study revealed considerable decrease in mean TFRC(Total finger ridge count), AFRC(Absolute finger ridge count) and mean ridge count in both male and female deaf cases. The mean atd angle in both cases were increased. The mean (a-b) ridge counts were decreased in both male and female deaf cases. Qualitative analysis revealed increase in arches and decrease in whorls of all cases. Conclusion: The present study reveals the differences in the dermatoglyphic patterns in congenital deaf cases. The results of this study could be of great importance to clinicians with respect to genetical basis in the identification of the cases at early stages.

Effect of digital nerve blockade on heat-induced vasoconstriction in the human finger

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 746-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sakurada ◽  
O. Shido ◽  
K. Yamamoto ◽  
N. Sugimoto ◽  
T. Kobayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Local Anesthetic ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Middle Finger ◽  
Bath Temperature ◽  
Water Bath ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Human Finger ◽  
Local Anesthetic Injection

The present study was performed to investigate the mechanism of heat-induced vasoconstriction (HIVC) in human fingers. The left fingers of five male subjects were immersed in water controlled at an initial temperature of 35.0 degrees C. The blood flows (BF) of the left index and fourth fingers were measured continuously with laser-Doppler flowmeter probes, and the temperatures of the middle finger and water bath were also monitored continuously using thermistor probes. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were measured every minute before and during local finger warming. A local anesthetic (0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride) or saline at a volume of 5.0–8.0 ml was aseptically injected into the base of the fourth or index finger, respectively. After finger BFs had been stabilized for > or = 10 min, the fingers were warmed by raising the water bath temperature from 35.0 to 41.5 degrees C in 14 min. The BF of the index finger fell significantly for 6 min after local warming was commenced (at water bath temperatures between 35.5 and 37.5 degrees C) without associated changes in mean arterial blood pressure, indicating the occurrence of HIVC. Then BF increased toward prewarming levels. The local anesthetic injection, however, completely abolished HIVC in the fourth finger. These results suggest that, in humans, innervation to finger vessels is indispensable for producing HIVC and hence that a local mechanism, such as myogenic vascular response to high temperature, may not be involved in the induction of HIVC.

scholarly journals Detection of inflammation from finger temperature profile in rheumatoid arthritis

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 2629-2639
Author(s):  
J. Pauk ◽  
M. Ihnatouski ◽  
A. Wasilewska
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Ring Finger ◽  
Provocation Test ◽  
Middle Finger ◽  
Temperature Profiles ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Cold Provocation Test ◽  
Cold Provocation

Abstract Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory tissue disease that leads to cartilage, bone, and periarticular tissue damage. This study aimed to investigate whether the use of infrared thermography and measurement of temperature profiles along the hand fingers could detect the inflammation and improve the diagnostic accuracy of the cold provocation test (0 °C for 5 s) and rewarming test (23 °C for180 s) in RA patients. Thirty RA patients (mean age = 49.5 years, standard deviation = 13.0 years) and 22 controls (mean age = 49.8 years, standard deviation = 7.5 years) were studied. Outcomes were the minimal and maximal: baseline temperature (T1), the temperature post-cooling (T2), the temperature post-rewarming (T3), and the Tmax-Tmin along the axis of each finger. The statistical significance was observed for the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and ring finger post-cooling and post-rewarming. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis to distinguish between the two groups revealed that for the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and ring finger, the area under the ROC curve was statistically significantly (p < 0.05) post-cooling. The cold provocation test used in this study discriminates between RA patients and controls and detects an inflammation in RA patients by the measurement of temperature profiles along the fingers using an infrared camera.

Dimensions of the Metacarpo-Phalangeal Joint with Particular Reference to Joint Prostheses

1979 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Unsworth ◽  
W J Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Index Finger ◽  
Middle Finger ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
The Other ◽  
Prosthesis Design ◽  
Single Centre ◽  
Articular Surfaces ◽  
Joint Prostheses ◽  
Centre Of Rotation ◽  
Little Finger

Sixty metacarpo-phalangeal joints were dissected and investigated to determine the shape, size and position of the articular surfaces with respect to the medullary canals of the metacarpal and the phalanx. The results show that the articular surfaces of the metacarpo-phalangeal joint have a single centre of rotation in the sagital plane and in the transverse plane. The joints of the little and ring fingers have radii of curvature in the sagital and transverse planes, which are almost equal (within 1.6 per cent) while those radii of the middle finger varied by 9 per cent. The index finger had a variation in radius from the sagital to the transverse plane of almost 13 per cent; the sagital plane radius being the greatest. This observation is the opposite of the other joints where the transverse radius is the greater one. The overall widths of the metacarpal heads were seen to vary from 13 mm in the little finger of females to 17 mm in the index finger of males (average). The medullary canals had axes which were not coincident with the centre of rotation of the joint but up to 3 mm displaced from it. These dimensional differences have important implications in prosthesis design.

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