Digital games as a platform for understanding skill acquisition from novice to expert

Gamers invest many hours exploring digital environments in which simple rules can generate a complex space of action, response and interaction with other players. As well as being an industry with greater revenue than the global music and film industries combined, gaming is also a domain of profound skill development. Players' digital traces create an opportunity to understand the development of expertise from novice to professional-levels of skill, across the entire history of their practice, exploring how individual differences, practice style and other factors interact to enhance or impede skill acquisition. We review existing research into skill development using data from digital games and show how game data has been used to confirm, challenge and extend existing claims about the psychology of expertise. We show that game data allows novel analyses and offer recommendations for the future of research into learning using games. We argue that existing work, while exciting, has yet to take advantage of the potential of game data for understanding skill acquisition, and that to fully do so will require computational accounts of complete game performance, at the level of the individual, tied to a cognitive theory of skill and backed by experimental rather than observational studies.

The Cys-loop pentameric ligand-gated ion channel receptors: 50 years on

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y2012-018 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 90 (6) ◽

pp. 771-782 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Janna L. Kozuska ◽

Isabelle M. Paulsen

Keyword(s):

Ion Channel ◽

Single Channel ◽

50Th Anniversary ◽

University Of Alberta ◽

Electrophysiological Studies ◽

Ligand Interactions ◽

History Of ◽

Entire History ◽

The Individual ◽

The University

This year, 2011, the Department of Pharmacology at the University of Alberta celebrated its 50th anniversary. This timeframe covers nearly the entire history of Cys-loop pentameric ligand-gated ion channel (pLGIC) research. In this review we consider how major technological advancements affected our current understanding of pLGICs, and highlight the contributions made by members of our department. The individual at the center of our story is Susan Dunn; her passing earlier this year has robbed the Department of Pharmacology and the research community of a most insightful colleague. Her dissection of ligand interactions with the nAChR, together with their interpretation, was the hallmark of her extensive collaborations with Michael Raftery. Here, we highlight some electrophysiological studies from her laboratory over the last few years, using the technique that she introduced to the department in Edmonton, the 2-electrode voltage-clamp of Xenopus oocytes. Finally, we discuss some single-channel studies of the anionic GlyR and GABAAR that prefaced the introduction of this technique to her laboratory.

Reconstructing the Rural Landscape of the Ancient Near East

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient ◽

10.1163/1568520962600262 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 1-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Mario Liverani

Keyword(s):

Near East ◽

Rural Landscape ◽

Near Eastern ◽

Size And Shape ◽

Ur Iii ◽

Textual Data ◽

Legal Texts ◽

History Of ◽

Entire History ◽

AbstractThe reconstruction of ancient Near Eastern history has mainly concentrated on urban (and especially palace) environments, leaving the rural landscape outside these analyses. Recent advances in archaeological and palaeobotanical fields greatly help in the recovery of the general outlines of rural exploitation in Mesopotamia and the surrounding regions; yet they cannot but miss the details of the individual exploitation units (fields and orchards), whose size and shape can be reconstructed on the basis of textual data such as cadastral texts (and other administrative recordings) and legal texts (related to the transfer of landed properties). Continuing the author's earlier work on the shape of fields in Ur III (ca. 2100-2000 B.C.), based on cadastral documents from Lagash province in lower Mesopotamia, this article examines, by way of ‘gross’ generalization and occasional exemplification, the entire history of the Mesopotamian landscape from the first administrative landscape in “late-Uruk” documents (ca. 3000 B.C.), down to the Neo-Babylonian documents of the Archaemenid period (ca. 500 B.C.).

Web Tool for Estimating the Cancer Hazard Rates in Aging

Cancer Informatics ◽

10.4137/cin.s19777 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

pp. CIN.S19777 ◽

Author(s):

Tengiz Mdzinarishvili ◽

Alexander Sherman ◽

Oleg Shats ◽

Simon Sherman

Keyword(s):

Hazard Rates ◽

Process Data ◽

Web Based ◽

Lung Cancers ◽

Time Period ◽

Long Time ◽

The Usa ◽

History Of ◽

Using Data ◽

A computational approach for estimating the overall, population, and individual cancer hazard rates was developed. The population rates characterize a risk of getting cancer of a specific site/type, occurring within an age-specific group of individuals from a specified population during a distinct time period. The individual rates characterize an analogous risk but only for the individuals susceptible to cancer. The approach uses a novel regularization and anchoring technique to solve an identifiability problem that occurs while determining the age, period, and cohort (APC) effects. These effects are used to estimate the overall rate, and to estimate the population and individual cancer hazard rates. To estimate the APC effects, as well as the population and individual rates, a new web-based computing tool, called the CancerHazard@Age , was developed. The tool uses data on the past and current history of cancer incidences collected during a long time period from the surveillance databases. The utility of the tool was demonstrated using data on the female lung cancers diagnosed during 1975–2009 in nine geographic areas within the USA. The developed tool can be applied equally well to process data on other cancer sites. The data obtained by this tool can be used to develop novel carcinogenic models and strategies for cancer prevention and treatment, as well as to project future cancer burden.

Analysis of Learner Performance on a Tutoring System for Java

Current Issues in IT Education ◽

10.4018/978-1-93177-753-7.ch005 ◽

2003 ◽

pp. 46-76 ◽

Author(s):

Henry H. Emurian ◽

Jingli Wang ◽

Ashely G. Durham

Keyword(s):

Skill Acquisition ◽

Programmed Instruction ◽

Tutoring System ◽

Java Applet ◽

Learner Performance ◽

Fine Grain ◽

Cumulative Learning ◽

Programming Techniques ◽

History Of ◽

This chapter presents a teaching methodology, programmed instruction, that provides a series of interactive and cumulative learning experiences that teach a student how to understand and write a simple Java Applet. Fine-grain performance records of three students’ interactions with the tutoring system show the individual patterns of skill acquisition and retention over five successive observational occasions. The tutoring system is also used as the first technical exercise in a course entitled “Graphical User Interface Systems Using Java.” Performance and self-reported ratings of programming confidence by 17 graduate students show the benefit of programmed instruction to generate a history of competency and confidence in all students. The positive initial experience prepares and motivates information systems students for the presentation and mastery of advanced programming techniques.

Commentary on Christians and Anti-Semitism

Central European History ◽

10.1017/s0008938900010268 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 349-353 ◽

Author(s):

Jonathan Sperber

Keyword(s):

Jewish Question ◽

German History ◽

The Past ◽

Anti Semitism ◽

History Of ◽

Individual Contributions ◽

Entire History ◽

The Individual ◽

And Behavior ◽

Attitudes And Behavior

Anti-Semitism is the darkest and ugliest side of a modern German history that has had more than its share of dark and ugly sides. There is a strong and intellectually by no means illegitimate temptation to see the entire history of German anti-Semitism as a one-way street leading straight to the “Final Solution of the Jewish Question.” Yet such a teleological approach to anti-Semistism does not do justice to the complexity of the past, does not highlight what Karl Schleunes has called “the twisted road to Auschwitz.” The excellent thematic articles in this issue all take up this complexity, their authors demonstrating a subtle and sensitive approach toward understanding anti-Semitic attitudes and behavior. One could go further and say that the whole is more than the sum of the parts, that several themes running through all the individual contributions describe and characterize a one hundred year history of Catholic anti-Semitism in Germany. I have identified four such themes and will discuss their changes and variations, both over time and in the different handling of them by the authors.

Discrimination of Bird and Insect Radar Echoes in Clear Air Using High-Resolution Radars

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology ◽

10.1175/jtech2038.1 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 24 (7) ◽

pp. 1215-1230 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

William J. Martin ◽

Alan Shapiro

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Cross Section ◽

Radar Meteorology ◽

W Band ◽

Radar Echoes ◽

History Of ◽

Entire History ◽

Using Data ◽

Wind Profiles ◽

Bird Migrations

Abstract The source of clear-air reflectivity from operational and research meteorological radars has been a subject of much debate and study over the entire history of radar meteorology. Recent studies have suggested that bird migrations routinely contaminate wind profiles obtained at night, while historical studies have suggested insects as the main source of such nocturnal clear-air echoes. This study analyzes two cases of nocturnal clear-air return using data from operational Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) and X- and W-band research radars. The research radars have sufficient resolution to resolve the echo as point targets in some cases. By examining the radar cross section of the resolved point targets, and by determining the target density, it is found for both cases of nocturnal clear-air echoes that the targets are almost certainly insects. The analysis of the dependence of the echo strength on radar wavelength also supports this conclusion.

Recurrence of postpartum hemorrhage, maternal and paternal contribution, and the effect of offspring birthweight and sex: a population-based cohort study

Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics ◽

10.1007/s00404-021-06374-3 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Lorentz Erland Linde ◽

Cathrine Ebbing ◽

Dag Moster ◽

Jörg Kessler ◽

Elham Baghestan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Loss ◽

Postpartum Hemorrhage ◽

Recurrence Risk ◽

Population Based ◽

Population Attributable Fractions ◽

Paternal Contribution ◽

Attributable Fractions ◽

History Of ◽

Using Data ◽

Abstract Purpose This study examines individual aggregation of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), paternal contribution and how offspring birthweight and sex influence recurrence of PPH. Further, we wanted to estimate the proportion of PPH cases attributable to a history of PPH or current birthweight. Methods We studied all singleton births in Norway from 1967 to 2017 using data from Norwegian medical and administrational registries. Subsequent births in the parents were linked. Multilevel logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for PPH defined as blood loss > 500 ml, blood loss > 1500 ml, or the need for blood transfusion in parous women. Main exposures were previous PPH, high birthweight, and fetal sex. We calculated adjusted population attributable fractions for previous PPH and current high birthweight. Results Mothers with a history of PPH had three- and sixfold higher risks of PPH in their second and third deliveries, respectively (adjusted OR 2.9; 95% CI 2.9–3.0 and 6.0; 5.5–6.6). Severe PPH (> 1500 ml) had the highest risk of recurrence. The paternal contribution to recurrence of PPH in deliveries with two different mothers was weak, but significant. If the neonate was male, the risk of PPH was reduced. A history of PPH or birthweight ≥ 4000 g each accounted for 15% of the total number of PPH cases. Conclusion A history of PPH and current birthweight exerted strong effects at both the individual and population levels. Recurrence risk was highest for severe PPH. Occurrence and recurrence were lower in male fetuses, and the paternal influence was weak.

Take Your Time? How Activity Timing Affects Organizational Learning and Performance Outcomes

Organization Science ◽

10.1287/orsc.2021.1490 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vinit Desai ◽

Peter Madsen

Keyword(s):

Organizational Learning ◽

Learning Theory ◽

Theoretical Perspective ◽

Performance Outcomes ◽

Organizational Learning Theory ◽

History Of ◽

Entire History ◽

And Performance ◽

Using Data ◽

Open Question

Organizational learning theory has long examined how organizations learn to perform better as they accumulate experience. Although experience accumulation is inherently related to the timing of the repeated activities carried out by an organization, the direct relationship between activity timing and organizational learning has not been examined explicitly in the literature and remains an open question. Organizational learning theory contains two competing perspectives on how timing should impact learning—one suggesting that iterating faster is better for learning and one suggesting that taking more time between iterations is more helpful. Here, we reconcile these perspectives and develop a theory about the boundary conditions between them, arguing that, in general, iterating more rapidly enhances learning but that iterations of novel or complex activities, or ones following recent failure, benefit from a slower pace. We conduct tests of this theoretical perspective using data from the entire history of the orbital satellite launch industry from 1957–2017, and we find broad support for our theory and hypotheses.

MIGRANT’S AXIOLOGICAL ORIENTATIONS AS A BASIS OF MODERN ANTI/MIGRATION STRATEGIES

Almanac of Ukrainian Studies ◽

10.17721/2520-2626/2021.28.20 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 126-133

Author(s):

Yuliya Shakhno

Keyword(s):

A Priori ◽

Individual Choice ◽

Theoretical Substantiation ◽

Promising Area ◽

History Of ◽

Migration Strategies ◽

Entire History ◽

Micro Level ◽

The article presents the results of the study of the dialectic of value determinants of migration processes. The author emphasizes that the entire history of mankind is an illustration of the periodical increases or decreases in its mobility. In modern conditions of changing the established understanding of space and time as well as pandemic challenges, scientists face the problem of rethinking this phenomenon. In particular, in our opinion, the axiological determination of migration processes as one of the strategies of micro-level (family), group and social interaction, which can be both positive and antagonistic, requires special attention. The creation of the concept of “axiological map of the migrant” was realized through the means of mapping: meridional and horizontal coordinate system, representing group and individual modes of values. Theoretical substantiation of the research topic was carried out in accordance with the following principles: indisputability (an a priori principle) of the structural organization of values and individualized variants of their hierarchy; the dependence of the existential variant of axiological map from the initial level of freedom of the emigrant and the potential to fluctuations of such level, which are determined by the localization of the exit and travel directions, social and legal statuses of the interacting parties, objective factors of social development, etc.; ensuring the process of comprehension of the “immanent meaning” (M. Weber) of the individual choice of diasporic existence, by studying the empirical-pluralistic coordinates. It is argued that a society cannot exist without a generally accepted minimum of values, which ensures its functionality and multi-structural nature. Designing axiological maps of migrants in order to comprehend the “immanent meaning” of individual choice in building anti/migration strategies is a promising area of philosophical and political research. The study of projections of individual priorities will allow to adjust the directions of state policy in the field of education, social communication, economy, etc.

Accent Policy and Accent Modification Enterprises as Potential Indicators of Intercultural Power Relations: A Call for an Updated Research Agenda

Perspectives on Global Issues in Communication Sciences and Related Disorders ◽

10.1044/gics3.1.22 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 22-33 ◽

Author(s):

Brynne D. Ovalle ◽

Rahul Chakraborty

Keyword(s):

International Relations ◽

Identity Construction ◽

Social Theory ◽

Power Relations ◽

Linguistic Diversity ◽

Cultural Organization ◽

Using Data ◽

The Individual ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

This article has two purposes: (a) to examine the relationship between intercultural power relations and the widespread practice of accent discrimination and (b) to underscore the ramifications of accent discrimination both for the individual and for global society as a whole. First, authors review social theory regarding language and group identity construction, and then go on to integrate more current studies linking accent bias to sociocultural variables. Authors discuss three examples of intercultural accent discrimination in order to illustrate how this link manifests itself in the broader context of international relations (i.e., how accent discrimination is generated in situations of unequal power) and, using a review of current research, assess the consequences of accent discrimination for the individual. Finally, the article highlights the impact that linguistic discrimination is having on linguistic diversity globally, partially using data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and partially by offering a potential context for interpreting the emergence of practices that seek to reduce or modify speaker accents.