scholarly journals Optimizing Practice Scheduling Requires Quantitative Tracking of Individual Item Performance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Glenn Eglington ◽  
Philip I. Pavlik
Keyword(s):  
Educational Systems ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Adaptive Model ◽  
Individual Item ◽  
Desirable Difficulties ◽  
Quantitative Estimates ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Item Level ◽  
Practice Trials ◽  
Model Of Practice

Decades of research has shown that spacing practice trials over time can improve later memory, but there are few concrete recommendations concerning how to optimally space practice. We show that existing recommendations are inherently suboptimal due to their insensitivity to time costs and individual- and item-level differences. We introduce an alternative approach that optimally schedules practice with a computational model of spacing in tandem with microeconomic principles. We simulated conventional spacing schedules and our adaptive model-based approach. Simulations indicated that practicing according to microeconomic principles of efficiency resulted in substantially better memory retention than alternatives. The simulation results provided quantitative estimates of optimal difficulty that differed markedly from prior recommendations, but still supported a desirable difficulties framework. Experimental results supported simulation predictions, with up to 40% more items recalled in conditions where practice was scheduled optimally according to the model of practice. Our approach can be readily implemented in online educational systems that adaptively schedule practice, and has significant implications for millions of students currently learning with educational technology.

scholarly journals Optimizing practice scheduling requires quantitative tracking of individual item performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke G. Eglington ◽  
Philip I. Pavlik Jr
Keyword(s):  
Educational Systems ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Adaptive Model ◽  
Individual Item ◽  
Quantitative Estimates ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Item Level ◽  
Practice Trials ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Model Of Practice

Abstract Decades of research has shown that spacing practice trials over time can improve later memory, but there are few concrete recommendations concerning how to optimally space practice. We show that existing recommendations are inherently suboptimal due to their insensitivity to time costs and individual- and item-level differences. We introduce an alternative approach that optimally schedules practice with a computational model of spacing in tandem with microeconomic principles. We simulated conventional spacing schedules and our adaptive model-based approach. Simulations indicated that practicing according to microeconomic principles of efficiency resulted in substantially better memory retention than alternatives. The simulation results provided quantitative estimates of optimal difficulty that differed markedly from prior recommendations but still supported a desirable difficulty framework. Experimental results supported simulation predictions, with up to 40% more items recalled in conditions where practice was scheduled optimally according to the model of practice. Our approach can be readily implemented in online educational systems that adaptively schedule practice and has significant implications for millions of students currently learning with educational technology.

Structure of the recall process

1983 ◽  
Vol 302 (1110) ◽  
pp. 373-385 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Memory Representation ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Individual Item ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
Retrieval Cues ◽  
Major Index ◽  
The Individual

It is often appropriate to analyse memory processes at a binary level corresponding to the individual item, which may be either remembered or not. But an alternative, considered here, is to study memory for material that is explicitly multicomponent in nature. This procedure is necessary in attempting to resolve some basic issues concerning memory representation. For example, the use as retrieval cues of differing combinations of components produces differing patterns of recall, in differing quantities. How may these distributions be accounted for? Similarly, what are the effects upon memory of varying the attention paid to different components, or combinations of components? In dealing with such questions, it is useful to distinguish direct and indirect retrieval routes. This distinction can be shown to be of particular service in elucidating the relation that recall bears to the other major index of memory retention, recognition.

scholarly journals Pediatric Hospital School Programming: An Examination of Educational Services for Students who are Hospitalized

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Marie Steinke ◽  
Megan Elam ◽  
Mary Kay Irwin ◽  
Karen Sexton ◽  
Anne McGraw
Keyword(s):  
Professional Practice ◽  
Individual Item ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
School Programs ◽  
Item Level ◽  
Thematic Review ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Qualitative Responses ◽  
Hospital School ◽  
School Programming

This study aimed to define the current functions and operations of hospital school programs nationwide. A 56-item survey was disseminated to hospital teachers across the country to examine perceptions about their work, programs, and professional practice. Quantitative findings were analyzed using descriptive statistics at the individual item-level. Qualitative responses were categorized for thematic review and analyzed using an inductive approach. The final sample included 88 completed surveys. Findings were classified into three broad categories: hospital school programming, hospital school teachers, and hospital school instruction. Results revealed that great variability exists across hospitals. Differences were evident in how programs were staffed, funded, and how services are allocated to patients during hospitalizations. Findings will contribute to the establishment of best practices for hospital school programs.

Education as a subversive activity: a proposal

Kybernetes ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (9/10) ◽  
pp. 1392-1398
Author(s):  
Larry Richards
Keyword(s):  
Educational System ◽  
Current System ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
Icosahedral Structure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
System A ◽  
Economic Organizations ◽  
Educational Literature ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Education Design

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a case for a change of educational system, rather than a change in the current system. A rudimentary framework for an alternative educational system is proposed. Design/methodology/approach – Cybernetic and educational literature supports an alternative approach to education. Design principles are identified for an alternative system. Findings – For the desirable integration of curricular and pedagogical principles to be realized in an educational system, a non-hierarchical organizational structure is required. The icosahedral structure that embeds Stafford Beer's syntegration process provides such a default structure. Such a structure would be subversive in the current society. Social implications – The implementation of the proposed system of schools could transform society by offering an alternative way of thinking about the structure of organizations like schools, as well as political and economic organizations. In so doing, fully participative democratic processes could be realized and sustained. Originality/value – The use of the icosahedral structure as a framework for creating a system of schools world-wide is new and has value for anyone contemplating alternative educational systems.

scholarly journals Memory for individual items is related to nonreinforced preference change

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 348-360
Author(s):  
Rotem Botvinik-Nezer ◽  
Akram Bakkour ◽  
Tom Salomon ◽  
Daphna Shohamy ◽  
Tom Schonberg
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Behavioral Change ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Associative Memories ◽  
Preference Change ◽  
Individual Item ◽  
Approach Training ◽  
Item Level ◽  
The Individual

It is commonly assumed that memories contribute to value-based decisions. Nevertheless, most theories of value-based decision-making do not account for memory influences on choice. Recently, new interest has emerged in the interactions between these two fundamental processes, mainly using reinforcement-based paradigms. Here, we aimed to study the role memory processes play in preference change following the nonreinforced cue-approach training (CAT) paradigm. In CAT, the mere association of cued items with a speeded motor response influences choices. Previous studies with this paradigm showed that a single training session induces a long-lasting effect of enhanced preferences for high-value trained stimuli, that is maintained for several months. We hypothesized that CAT increases memory of trained items, leading to enhanced accessibility of their positive associative memories and in turn to preference changes. In two preregistered experiments, we found evidence that memory is enhanced for trained items and that better memory is correlated with enhanced preferences at the individual item level, both immediately and 1 mo following CAT. Our findings suggest that memory plays a central role in value-based decision-making following CAT, even in the absence of external reinforcements. These findings contribute to new theories relating memory and value-based decision-making and set the groundwork for the implementation of novel nonreinforced behavioral interventions that lead to long-lasting behavioral change.

An Alternative Approach to Textbook Marketing in Higher Education

2017 ◽  
pp. 339-353
Author(s):  
Jaleh Hassaskhah
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Conjoint Analysis ◽  
Needs Analysis ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Educational Systems ◽  
Research Context ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Market Needs

Textbook is still the most indispensable part of many educational systems. Therefore, having accurate information on the attributes which attract its consumers is of utmost importance for the textbook market analysts, writers and publishers. To this end, this chapter first questions the methodology of the current textbook market needs analysis and then suggests and employs conjoint methodology as the alternative for this purpose. To illustrate the value of this approach, the responses of 450 participants to 32 profile cards based on a scale from 1 to 7 underwent conjoint analysis. The results provided a more comprehensive picture of the participants' preferences for each of the surveyed attributes and their accompanying levels. The findings are especially valuable for three groups: for textbook market analysts who might consider using this methodology in their future investigations and for the authors and publishers who might use the findings in planning and publishing books for this research context.

Some Results of the Spectroscopic Study of Four Close Binary Systems of Early Spectral Types

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 120-130
Author(s):  
T. S. Galkina
Keyword(s):  
Spectroscopic Study ◽  
Spectral Type ◽  
Spectroscopic Investigation ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Close Binary ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Absorption And Emission ◽  
Close Binary Systems ◽  
Quantitative Estimates

It is necessary to have quantitative estimates of the intensity of lines (both absorption and emission) to obtain the physical parameters of the atmosphere of components.Some years ago at the Crimean observatory we began the spectroscopic investigation of close binary systems of the early spectral type with components WR, Of, O, B to try and obtain more quantitative information from the study of the spectra of the components.

The Resolution and Contrast in Biological Sections Determined by Inelastic and Elastic Scattering

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 224-225
Author(s):  
D. L. Misell
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Elastic Scattering ◽  
Inelastic Scattering ◽  
Amorphous Carbon ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Quantitative Estimates ◽  
Elastic Ratio

In the electron microscopy of biological sections the adverse effect of chromatic aberration on image resolution is well known. In this paper calculations are presented for the inelastic and elastic image intensities using a wave-optical formulation. Quantitative estimates of the deterioration in image resolution as a result of chromatic aberration are presented as an alternative to geometric calculations. The predominance of inelastic scattering in the unstained biological and polymeric materials is shown by the inelastic to elastic ratio, I/E, within an objective aperture of 0.005 rad for amorphous carbon of a thickness, t=50nm, typical of biological sections; E=200keV, I/E=16.

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