scholarly journals Meter without rhythmic pattern repetitions increases pre-attentive processing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Pedro de Sousa Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Temporal Orientation ◽  
Behavioral Performance ◽  
Rhythmic Pattern ◽  
Task Context ◽  
Temporal Expectation ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Pattern Repetition

Processing musical meter – the organization of time into regular cycles of strong and weak beats – requires abstraction from the varying rhythmic surface. Several studies investigated whether meter processing requires attention, or if it can be both pre-attentive and attentive. While findings on temporal expectation (processing meter per se) indicated benefits of attention, studies on meter processing in a more complex, dual-task context (meter used for temporal orientation) consistently reported pre-attentive processing. Also, while surface-based approaches to meter (meter aided by pattern repetition) showed some benefits of attention, structural approaches (meter not aided by pattern repetition, increased complexity) found pre-attentive-only processing. Therefore, in the present study we hypothesized that pre-attentive processing increases with cognitive load, and we compared surface with structural meter processing. Supporting our hypothesis, we saw improved behavioral performance for surface meter, as well as EEG evidence that structural meter elicits pre-attentive processing (pre-attentive P1) while surface meter does not (attentive-only P1). Our findings highlight the need for increased awareness in approaches to meter processing and support the idea that increased cognitive demand may recruit pre-attentive processing of temporal structure.

Cognitive Load beim Lernen aus Lösungsbeispielen

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Renkl ◽  
Hans Gruber ◽  
Sandra Weber ◽  
Thomas Lerche ◽  
Karl Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Dual Task

Zusammenfassung: Die Effektivität des Lernens aus Lösungsbeispielen im Vergleich zum Lernen durch Problemlösen wird derzeit mit der Cognitive Load-Theorie erklärt: Beim Lernen aus Lösungsbeispielen wird das Arbeitsgedächtnis weniger belastet, daher bleibt mehr Raum für Lern- und Verstehensprozesse. Um diese These direkt experimentell zu überprüfen, wurde das dual task-Paradigma eingesetzt. 80 Studierende der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften wurden auf die Zellen eines 2 × 2-faktoriellen Designs (Faktor 1: Lernen aus Lösungsbeispielen vs. Lernen durch Problemlösen; Faktor 2: mit vs. ohne Zweitaufgabe) verteilt. Der Lernstoff war Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung. Der Lernerfolg wurde mit einem Nachtest erfasst. Das Befundmuster hinsichtlich des Lernerfolgs und der Reaktionszeiten auf eine Zweitaufgabe in den vier experimentellen Gruppen stimmte mit den aus der Cognitive-Load-Theorie abgeleiteten Hypothesen überein.

Assessment of Cognitive Load in Multimedia Learning Using Dual-Task Methodology

2002 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Brünken ◽  
Susan Steinbacher ◽  
Jan L. Plass ◽  
Detlev Leutner
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Cognitive Load Theory ◽  
Multimedia Learning ◽  
Learning Systems ◽  
Learning Materials ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Direct Assessment ◽  
Load Theory ◽  
Audiovisual Presentation

Abstract. In two pilot experiments, a new approach for the direct assessment of cognitive load during multimedia learning was tested that uses dual-task methodology. Using this approach, we obtained the same pattern of cognitive load as predicted by cognitive load theory when applied to multimedia learning: The audiovisual presentation of text-based and picture-based learning materials induced less cognitive load than the visual-only presentation of the same material. The findings confirm the utility of dual-task methodology as a promising approach for the assessment of cognitive load induced by complex multimedia learning systems.

scholarly journals Effect of Tempo on Temporal Expectation Driven by Rhythms in Dual-Task Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihan Xu ◽  
Yanna Ren ◽  
Yosuke Misaki ◽  
Qiong Wu ◽  
Sa Lu
Keyword(s):  
Dual Task ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Automatic Processing ◽  
Single Task ◽  
Temporal Expectation ◽  
Controlled Processing ◽  
Visual Rhythm ◽  
Fast Tempo ◽  
Slow Tempo ◽  
Dual Task Interference

Temporal expectation is the ability to focus attention at a particular moment in time to optimize performance, which has been shown to be driven by regular rhythms. However, whether the rhythm-based temporal expectations rely upon automatic processing or require the involvement of controlled processing has not been clearly established. Furthermore, whether the mechanism is affected by tempo remains unknown. To investigate this research question, the present study used a dual-task procedure. In a single task, the participants were instructed to respond to a visual target preceded by a regular or an irregular visual rhythm under a fast (500 ms) or slow (3,500 ms) tempo. The dual-task simultaneously combined a working memory (WM) task. The results showed temporal expectation effects in which the participants responded faster to the regular than to the irregular conditions in a single task. Moreover, this effect persisted under dual-task interference in the fast tempo condition but was impaired in the slow tempo condition. These results revealed that rhythmic temporal expectation induced by fast tempo was dependent on automatic processing. However, compared with the faster tempo, temporal expectation driven by a slower tempo might involve more controlled processing.

Effects of cognitive load on the amount and temporal structure of postural sway variability in stroke survivors

2017 ◽  
Vol 236 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajar Mehdizadeh ◽  
Kinda Khalaf ◽  
Hamed Ghomashchi ◽  
Ghorban Taghizadeh ◽  
Ismaeil Ebrahimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Postural Sway ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Stroke Survivors

A dual task study of the effects of increased cognitive load on speech motor control

2015 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 1779-1779
Author(s):  
Katherine M. Dawson ◽  
Grace Bomide ◽  
Mark Tiede ◽  
DH Whalen
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Speech Motor Control ◽  
Speech Motor

Cortical Response to Task-relevant Stimuli Presented outside the Primary Focus of Attention

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1980-1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roos Houtkamp ◽  
Jochen Braun
Keyword(s):  
Dual Task ◽  
Control Experiment ◽  
Iconic Memory ◽  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
Peripheral Stimulus ◽  
Behavioral Performance ◽  
Bold Response ◽  
Attentional Modulation ◽  
Memory Persistence ◽  
Primary Focus

Visual attention selectively enhances the neural response to a task-relevant item. But what happens when an item outside the primary focus of attention is also relevant to the task at hand? In a dual-task fMRI experiment, we studied the responses in retinotopically organized visual cortex in such a situation. Observers performed an attention-demanding task in the fovea while another, unmasked stimulus appeared in the visual periphery. With respect to this latter stimulus, observers attempted to perform either a less or a more attentionally demanding task. Both tasks increased the BOLD response to the peripheral stimulus. Behaviorally, however, only the less demanding task was performed well, whereas the demanding task was carried out near chance. What could explain the discrepancy between BOLD response and behavioral performance? A control experiment revealed that the report of the less demanding feature was severely disturbed by a mask. Moreover, the visual attributes queried by the demanding task had a significantly shorter iconic memory persistence. We conclude that, in the dual-task situation, the focus of attention initially remains with the foveal task, but subsequently shifts to the former location of the peripheral stimulus. Such a belated shift to a peripheral iconic memory (futile in one case, informative in the other) would reconcile the similar BOLD response with the disparate behavioral performance. In summary, our results show that an enhanced BOLD response is consistently associated with attentional modulation, but not with behavioral performance.

scholarly journals Cognitive Load in eCommerce Applications—Measurement and Effects on User Satisfaction

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Schmutz ◽  
Silvia Heinz ◽  
Yolanda Métrailler ◽  
Klaus Opwis
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
User Satisfaction ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Interactive Systems ◽  
Primary Task ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
General Satisfaction ◽  
Nasa Tlx

Guidelines for designing usable interfaces recommend reducing short term memory load. Cognitive load, that is, working memory demands during problem solving, reasoning, or thinking, may affect users' general satisfaction and performance when completing complex tasks. Whereas in design guidelines numerous ways of reducing cognitive load in interactive systems are described, not many attempts have been made to measure cognitive load in Web applications, and few techniques exist. In this study participants' cognitive load was measured while they were engaged in searching for several products in four different online book stores. NASA-TLX and dual-task methodology were used to measure subjective and objective mental workload. The dual-task methodology involved searching for books as the primary task and a visual monitoring task as the secondary task. NASA-TLX scores differed significantly among the shops. Secondary task reaction times showed no significant differences between the four shops. Strong correlations between NASA-TLX, primary task completion time, and general satisfaction suggest that NASA-TLX can be used as a valuable additional measure of efficiency. Furthermore, strong correlations were found between browse/search preference and NASA-TLX as well as between search/browse preference and user satisfaction. Thus we suggest browse/search preference as a promising heuristic assessment method of cognitive load.

Discrimination and Generalization of Rhythmic and Arrhythmic Sound Patterns by European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)

1984 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart H. Hulse ◽  
John Humpal ◽  
Jeffrey Cynx
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Test Session ◽  
Sturnus Vulgaris ◽  
Rhythmic Pattern ◽  
European Starlings ◽  
Linear Pattern ◽  
Qualitative Pattern ◽  
Constant Duration

European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) learned to discriminate patterns of 2000-Hz tones organized into rhythmic as compared with random, arrhythmic temporal structures, and the perceptual processes underlying the discrimination were then analyzed. Two rhythmic patterns were constructed, for different birds, according to a linear rule in which tones and intertone intervals of equal duration alternated or according to a hierarchical rule in which two subpatterns alternated. The arrhythmic pattern was a sequence of tone and intertone intervals each of random duration. The birds were required to peck at one key in the presence of a rhythmic pattern and at another key in the presence of the arrhythmic pattern to obtain food reward. All birds learned the rhythmic–arrhythmic discrimination, and discrimination accuracy was the same for both the linear and hierarchical rhythmic structures. In a series of transfer tests that followed, discrimination performance was tested when the temporal structure of the rhythmic stimulus patterns was transformed and when their pitch was shifted up or down an octave. For temporal transformations, performance was well maintained under (a) a log transformation which, from test to test, changed the absolute duration of tones and intertone intervals but kept their ratios constant (a simple tempo transformation); (b) an additive transformation which kept either tone duration or intertone interval constant from test to test while their counterparts changed in duration; and (c) a pattern interchange in which, for the appropriate birds, the linear was substituted for the hierarchical pattern, or the hierarchical was substituted for the linear pattern. Performance deteriorated (but remained above chance), however, when rhythmic patterns were degraded by holding tone (or intertone) duration constant while intertone (or tone) durations varied randomly within a test session. Performance was also well maintained when the baseline temporal patterns were shifted an octave in pitch, but the data do not necessarily force the conclusion that the birds showed true octave generalization. The results suggest the birds solved the rhythmic–arrhythmic discrimination on the basis of a nominal, qualitative pattern attribute, rhythmicity. Patterns are high in rhythmicity if pattern components are of constant duration within a test session, and if they reoccur periodically. Rhythmicity deteriorates as pattern components vary in duration within a test session and reoccur at varying time intervals. The results also show that the human capacity for discrimination among complex temporal patterns of sound is shared with at least one other species and may, therefore, represent a perceptual process that is—within limits yet to be determined—phylogenetically general.

scholarly journals Balance Markers and Saccadic Eye-Movement Measures in Adolescents With Postconcussion Syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 475-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Coralie Rochefort ◽  
Elizabeth Legace ◽  
Chadwick Boulay ◽  
Gail Macartney ◽  
Kristian Goulet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Postural Sway ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oculomotor Function ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Context Deficits in both balance and oculomotor function, including impairments in saccadic eye movements, are observed in approximately 30% of patients postconcussion. Whereas balance and saccadic eye movements are routinely assessed separately, growing evidence suggests that they should be assessed concurrently. Objective To compare balance measures and saccades between adolescents 1 to 3 months postconcussion and healthy uninjured adolescents. Design Case-control study. Setting Concussion clinic and 2 private schools. Patients or Other Participants Twenty-five adolescents (10 boys, 15 girls; median [interquartile range (IQR)] age = 14 years [11.5–16 years]) between 1 and 3 months postconcussion (median [IQR] time since injury = 39.5 days [30–56.75 days]) and 33 uninjured adolescents (18 boys, 15 girls; median [IQR] age = 13 years [11.5–14 years]). Main Outcome Measure(s) The center-of-pressure 95% ellipse area and medial-lateral and anterior-posterior velocity and the number of saccades in the dual-task balance conditions including a high cognitive load (cognitive condition), a low cognitive load and a gaze-shifting component (visual condition) or both a high cognitive load and a gaze-shifting component (combined condition). Results Concussion-group participants swayed over larger center-of-pressure ellipse areas in the visual (P = .02; effect size = 0.73) and combined (P = .005; effect size = 0.86) conditions but not in the cognitive condition (P = .07; effect size = 0.50). No group differences were identified for anterior-posterior (F1,56 = 2.57, P = .12) or medial-lateral (F1,56 = 0.157, P = .69) velocity. Concussion-group participants also did not perform more saccades than the control-group participants (F1,56 = 2.04, P = .16). Conclusions Performing dual-task balance conditions for which the secondary task involved a gaze-shifting component or both a gaze-shifting component and a high cognitive load resulted in greater sway amplitude in adolescents with concussion. However, these larger amounts of postural sway were not associated with increased saccadic eye movements.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document