Pleasure plays the music: visual attention and expertise

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gioele Gavazzi ◽  
Tessa Marzi ◽  
Fiorenza Giganti ◽  
Jacopo Lorini ◽  
Alessandra Daphne Fisher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
The Self ◽  
Mozart Effect ◽  
Musical Piece ◽  
Attentional Blink Effect ◽  
Open Question

Listening to music has powerful effects on boost emotional and cognitive processes. It is still an open question whether cognitive improvements might depend on specific musical piece features (Mozart effect) or on the pleasure that we feel while listening. The general aim was to evaluate the attentional blink effect in music experts and non-experts (Musicians and Non-Musicians). The Mozart Sonata K448 was compared to highly pleasant musical pieces, self-selected by the participants. While listening to music, a rapid serial visual presentation task (RSVP) was used to tap into temporal attentional mechanisms. The results showed (at lag 240ms) a better performance during both the Sonata K448 and the self-selected pieces. Furthermore, the effect of pleasure varied with musical expertise. The higher the perceived pleasantness was for Musicians the higher the performance was accurate. These findings highlight the role of musical pleasure on cognitive processing. Our results emphasize the pleasure feelings evoked by music, even in experts, in affecting attention by boosting positive emotions and reward.

EXPRESS: The Effects of Experimentally Induced Emotions on Revising Common Vaccine Misconceptions

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110178
Author(s):  
Greg Trevors ◽  
Catherine Bohn-Gettler ◽  
Panayiota Kendeou
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Educational Practice ◽  
Empirical Knowledge ◽  
Emotion Induction ◽  
Correct Information ◽  
Knowledge Revision ◽  
Refutation Texts ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Knowledge revision is the process of updating incorrect prior knowledge in light of new, correct information. Although theoretical and empirical knowledge has advanced regarding the cognitive processes involved in revision, less is known about the role of emotions, which have shown inconsistent relations with key revision processes. The present study examined the effects of experimentally induced emotions on online and offline knowledge revision of vaccination misconceptions. Before reading refutation and non-refutation texts, 96 individuals received either a positive, negative, or no emotion induction. Findings showed that negative emotions, more than positive emotions, resulted in enhanced knowledge revision as indicated by greater ease of integrating correct information during reading and higher comprehension test scores after reading. Findings are discussed with respect to contemporary frameworks of knowledge revision and emotion in reading comprehension and implications for educational practice.

Anxiety and Cognitive Processes in Problem Solving

1974 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth E. Sinclair ◽  
Terence A. Heys ◽  
Stephen de C. Kemmis
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Human Problem

In this paper a trait-state conception of anxiety is presented which incorporates a number of extensions to current theorizing. The conception is a cognitive one in that it emphasizes information processing that occurs with respect to both the trait and state components of anxiety. The conception indicates a number of insights into human problem solving that can be made through a consideration of cognitive processing, anxiety processing, and their interaction. In particular, the role of coping styles in threat reduction and the influence of A-state on specific cognitive processes are examined. Implications for theory and further research are discussed.

scholarly journals Executive functions, self-paced exercise and cycling performance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darias Holgado ◽  
Daniel Sanabria
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Self ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

The main aim of the present thesis was to understand the role of executive (cognitive) functions in self-paced aerobic exercise (cycling). A self-paced exercise is a physical activity in which the effort has to be distributed in the best possible way to achieve the objective of the event (e.g., to cover a given distance as quickly as possible or to cover the largest possible distance in a given time). Self-paced exercise requires the monitoring and control of feedback from the muscles and cardiorespiratory systems to the brain. From an applied point of view, we could consider that the self-paced aerobic exercise is a goal-directed behaviour towards an objective that involves several cognitive processes, and in particular of executive functions (e.g., inhibitory control or working memory). Consequently, any change at cognitive level (and brain related to the cognitive processes under study) will affect physical performance. To understand this relationship, in an introductory chapter we summarized the role of executive functions on the self-paced exercise, and the empirical evidence of the neural basis. We also summarized the different manipulations that have been designed to investigate the role of the executive functions on self-paced exercise. In the following chapters, we describe the three studies we have conducted to investigate the role of executive functioning on the self-paced exercise. First, we investigated the ergogenic effect of tramadol on physical and cognitive performance. Next, we attempt to understand the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) (applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) on objective and subjective indices of exercise performance. Finally, we investigated the role of cognitive (executive) load during self-paced exercise.

scholarly journals “Apa Harapan Terbesar dalam Hidupmu?” Studi pada Mahasiswa Bugis Makassar

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
Bambang Pratama Jamaluddin ◽  
Nurul Fitroh ◽  
Muh. Ahyar Hamka ◽  
Andi Azizah Ramadani ◽  
A. Mursyidah Yusuf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Student Expectations ◽  
The Future ◽  
Open Question

Harapan merupakan salah satu emosi positif yang ada pada manusia yang mendorong kita untuk terus bergerak melakukan aktivitas, mulai dari keinginan yang sederhana hingga paling besar yang menentukan seperti apa kita dimasa mendatang .Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui 1) makna harapan pada mahasiswa, 2) harapan mahasiswa yang belum tercapai, 3) harapan terbesar mahasiswa di masa depan. 4) langkah yang akan ditempuh untuk mencapai harapan mahasiswa. Jumlah partisipan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 256 mahasiswa (laki-laki=41, perempuan=216), seluruhnya adalah mahasiswa Bugis Makassar dengan melengkapi sebuah kuisioner pertanyaan terbuka. Data dikumpulkan dan dianalisis dengan open-ended response, melalui kategorisasi opencoded, axial-coded, dan selanjutnya cross-tabulated. Hasil penelitian pun menunjukkan beberapa hal. Pertama, harapan dimaknai sebagai keinginan yang hendak dicapai. Kedua, harapan mahasiswa yang telah tercapai cenderung mengarah ke bidang pendidikan. Ketiga, harapan terbesar di masa mendatang pada mahasiswa adalah sukses pada jenjang karir. Keempat, mahasiswa akan mengambil langkah untuk belajar demi mencapai harapan-harapan tersebut. Peran harapan menjadi sangat penting bagi mahasiswa Bugis Makassar.Kata kunci: bugis; harapan; mahasiswa; makassar Hope is one of the positive emotions that exists in human. The purpose of this study is 1) to know the meaning of hope in students, 2) to find out the expectations of students who have not been reached, 3) to know the greatest expectations of students in the future. 4) to find out the steps to be taken to achieve student expectations. The number of participants in this study were 256 students (male = 41, female = 216), all of them were Bugis Makassar students by completing an open question questionnaire. The data was collected and was analyzed by open-ended response, through categorization of open-coded, axial-coded, and then cross-tabulated. The results of the study showed several things. First, hope is interpreted as a desire to be achieved. Second, student expectations that have been achieved tend to lead to education. Third, the greatest hope in the future for students is to success at the career level. Fourth, students will take steps to learn in order to achieve their expectations. The role of hope is very important for Bugis Makassar students.Keywords: bugis; hope, students; makassar

The Self in Meditation: The Art of Self-Transformation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Frazier
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The Self ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
Weather System ◽  
Inner World ◽  
Narrative Forms ◽  
The Mind

This chapter outlines a theory of meditation as an art of self-shaping, by emphasizing meditation’s efficacy as a tool for sculpting the “plastic” structures of the mind. First, it considers modern views of meditation as a form of healing that brings the mind “back” to its natural functioning. This stands in contrast with most traditional views of meditation as a way to change the self in permanent—and sometimes radical—ways. Second, it sketches a model of the mind’s “architecture of attention”—exploring the role of selective attention in cognitive processing and the cumulative structures of the self. Third, given this model of the mind, it considers some examples of how absorptive, deconstructive, and narrative forms of meditation shape the inner world of the practitioner. From this examination of meditative functions, there emerges an ontology of the self that recognizes its self-creative malleability. Less an atomic individual or an outward-shining power of perception, the self appears as a kind of dynamic weather system that is constantly transformed as it takes up the raw materials of sensory stimulus. On this model, meditation functions as the selective factor that allows different elements of that system to predominate and thereby shape the others. Finally, the chapter reminds that, far from the modern world’s concern with individual autonomy, classical meditation’s subtle artistry aimed to bring the self into alignment with broader realities.

Cognitive Flexibility Matters: The Role of Multilevel Positive Affect and Cognitive Flexibility in Shaping Victims’ Cooperative and Uncooperative Behavioral Responses to Trust Violations

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-218
Author(s):  
Michele Williams ◽  
Liuba Y. Belkin ◽  
Chao C. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Employee Behavior ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Trust Repair ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Broaden And Build Theory

Despite a significant growth in the scholarly literature in the area of trust violations and repair in the last decade, extant work has largely ignored the complex and socially competent responses of the victims of these violations. Our framework integrates insights from affective events theory, the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions, and theories of cognitive processing to suggest that cognitive flexibility is central to understanding how individuals respond to trust violations. Rather than viewing victims solely as gatekeepers to trust repair, we examine how victims’ cognitive processes are influenced by the affective context of those violations, which can, in turn, produce a spectrum of nuanced behavioral responses. We refer to this spectrum as the “swollen middle,” the range of behavior that resides between the extremes of impulsive revenge and forgiveness-based, communal cooperation. By integrating psychological theories of emotion and cognitive processing, we seek to highlight the central role of cognitive flexibility in the range of cooperative responses to trust violations. More broadly, we seek to contribute to the emergence of a new paradigm for studying interpersonal trust at work—a paradigm that explores trust-violating events as situated affect-laden experiences that interact with relevant organizational and interpersonal factors to influence employee behavior and trust dynamics in organizations.

Platforms

Abundance ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 57-92
Author(s):  
Pablo J. Boczkowski
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
The Self ◽  
Communication Space ◽  
Prime Determinant ◽  
And Gender ◽  
High Level

Chapter 3 is devoted to social media. The survey reveals the role of age over socioeconomic status and gender as the prime determinant of platform access and use. The interviews show that people attribute different meanings to different platforms and act accordingly. Participants view WhatsApp as akin to a coffee place, a communication space affording a distinct public intimacy; Facebook as a mall characterized by its massive and generalist environment—a convenient yet unappealing venue; Twitter as a newsstand, an information-centered context marked by an informal and humorous tone; Instagram as a promenade, or a venue for an idealized and aestheticized visual presentation of the self; and Snapchat as a carnival, an equally visual but more ludic alternative. The analysis shows a high level of attachment to platforms. The chapter concludes by continuing the discussion of a reconstitution of sociality in the experience of information abundance.

Local and Global Connotations in Sonic Composition

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Cifariello Ciardi
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cultural Identities ◽  
Musical Piece ◽  
Global Identity ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
The One ◽  
Semantic Dimension ◽  
Global And Local

AbstractAn aspect of the local/global binarism in music regards the cultural identity of the sounds, musical styles and grammars of a composition. This article intends to explore the role of the local/global issue in the context of the semantic dimension of sounds, both during the composition of a musical piece and during its reception.In the first part of the article the local or global identity of a sonic event will be examined from two different perspectives: on the one hand that of the composer, starting from his or her attitudes with regard to the semantic aspects of the sonic material and the compositional processes used; on the other hand that of the listener, starting from the cognitive processes (s)he activates in the search for a musical and an extramusical meaning. Based on this analysis, in the second part of the article the usefulness of describing the cultural identity of a sonic event and more generally its semantic dimensions in terms of ‘shared connotations’ will be explored. Finally, some of the interactions between connoted sonic events will be analysed, mainly focusing on global and local cultural identities.

Power Fosters Context-Independent, Analytic Cognition

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 1449-1458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Miyamoto ◽  
Li-Jun Ji
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Sense Of Agency ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Life Context ◽  
Linguistic Categories ◽  
Analytic Cognition ◽  
Ses Differences

The present research tested the hypothesis that power, defined as the capacity to influence others, promotes analytic cognitive processing, by examining the use of linguistic categories and the categorization of objects. Supporting the hypothesis, recalling instances of influencing others facilitated the use of adjectives and discouraged the use of verbs to describe others (Study 1). Recalling instances of influencing others also promoted taxonomic, instead of thematic, categorization (Study 2). Furthermore, the authors also examined the effect of power in a real-life context. They examined whether socioeconomic status (SES) differences in cognitive processing can be partly explained by sense of agency, an antecedent of power (Study 3); high SES individuals made more taxonomic categorization than did low SES individuals, and a sense of agency partially mediated the SES differences in categorization. These findings underscore the role of power in shaping cognitive processes.

scholarly journals Unique Mechanisms for the Availability of Declarative Memory Elements and the Strengthening of Cognitive Operations

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-160
Author(s):  
Dale A. Hirsch ◽  
Christopher A. Was ◽  
Erin N. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Empirical Estimates ◽  
Cognitive Operations ◽  
Theoretical Mechanism

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of memory for prior cognitive operations and availability of declarative memory elements in long-term semantic priming. The impetus for this investigation was the role of working memory (WM) in complex cognitive processing. Empirical estimates of WM are too limited to explain complex cognitive processes. Therefore, contemporary models of WM propose access to long-term memory (LTM) to expand these limits. The priming literature provides one theoretical mechanism for access to LTM: long-term semantic priming. However, explanations for long-term semantic priming include both increased availability of LTM elements and the facilitation of prior cognitive operations. Our goal was to examine if the facilitation of prior cognitive operations is dependent on the availability of previously encountered LTM elements. A task used in previous research proposed to capture the facilitation of cognitive operations coupled with a directed forgetting manipulation was used to examine this relationship. Three experiments were conducted to that end. All experiments resulted in facilitation of the procedure of categorization. Experiments 1 and 2 additionally found relatively poor recognition for items that participants were told to forget despite the fact that categorization was facilitated for related items. Experiment 3 resulted in similarly poor recognition for category names that participants were told to forget. Taken together, the experiments in this investigation demonstrate a clear separation between the cognitive operations and declarative elements of the categorization task. Namely, the continued availability of declarative elements is not necessary for the subsequent facilitation of categorization operations.

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