scholarly journals Utility value interventions: Why and how instructors should use them in college psychology courses.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raechel N. Soicher ◽  
Kathryn A. Becker-Blease
Keyword(s):  
Achievement Motivation ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
College Level ◽  
Utility Value ◽  
Expectancy Value ◽  
Course Content ◽  
Future Goals ◽  
Wide Range

According to expectancy-value models of achievement motivation, a core component of increasing student motivation is utility value. Utility value refers to the importance that a task has in one’s future goals. Utility value interventions provide an opportunity for students to make explicit connections between course content and their own lives. A large body of literature suggests that utility value interventions are effective for a wide range of students (e.g., both adolescent and adult learners) in a variety of courses (e.g., introductory psychology, introductory biology, and physics). This review provides (1) an overview of an expectancy value model of achievement motivation, (2) a comprehensive review of the experimental studies of utility value interventions in psychology, (3) concrete pedagogical recommendations based on the evidence from over thirty studies of the utility value intervention, and (4) suggestions for future research directions. After reading this review, college-level psychology instructors should be able to decide whether the utility value intervention is appropriate for their own course and, if so, implement the intervention effectively.

Moderate Reynolds Number Mixing in a T-Channel

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Thomas ◽  
Tim Ameel
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Rectangular Cross Section ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Numerical Work ◽  
Moderate Reynolds Number ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Particle Imaging ◽  
Experimental Trials

An experimental investigation of water flow in a T-shaped channel with rectangular cross section (20 × 20 mm inlet ID and 20 × 40 mm outlet ID) has been conducted for a Reynolds number Re range of 56 to 422, based on inlet diameter. Dynamical conditions and the T-channel geometry of the current study are applicable to the microscale. This study supports a large body of numerical work, and resolution and the interrogation region are extended beyond previous experimental studies. Laser induced fluorescence (LIF) and particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) are used to characterize flow behaviors over the broad range of Re where realistic T-channels operate. Scalar structures previously unresolved in the literature are presented. Special attention is paid to the unsteady flow regimes that develop at moderate Re, which significantly impact mixing but are not yet well characterized or understood. An unsteady symmetric topology, which develops at higher Re and negatively impacts mixing, is presented, and mechanisms behind the wide range of mixing qualities predicted for this regime are explained. An optimal Re operating range is identified based on multiple experimental trials.

A review on recent advances and challenges of ionic wind produced by corona discharges with practical applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingguo Qu ◽  
Minjun Zeng ◽  
Dewei Zhang ◽  
Dakai Yang ◽  
Xiongwei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corona Discharge ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Wind Generation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Discharge Process ◽  
Ionic Wind ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Wind Generators ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Gas Ionization

Abstract Ionic wind, an induced phenomenon during corona discharge, possessing the features of silent operation and no moving parts, has a wide range of applications. Ionic wind generation is accompanied by complex physical processes, involving gas ionization, ion recombination, flow, and various chemical reactions, as well as mutual couplings between some of them. Therefore, understanding the corona discharge process and ionic wind generation is crucial for researchers and engineers to better utilize this phenomenon in practical applications. In this review, the principles of corona discharge and its induced ionic wind are presented. Subsequently, ionic wind generators (IWGs) are discussed according to their applications, and the corresponding advances based on experimental studies and numerical simulations are also reviewed. Moreover, the challenges of transitioning the ionic wind technology from laboratory studies to practical applications are discussed. These challenges include the excessively high onset voltage of the corona, ozone emission, and influence of environmental conditions. Furthermore, the mechanisms of these barriers and several effective approaches for mitigating them are provided. Finally, some future research prospects and the conclusions are presented.

A Review of Theoretical and Experimental Research on Various Autofrettage Processes

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajkumar Shufen ◽  
Uday S. Dixit
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Spherical Vessel ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Compressive Residual Stresses ◽  
Spherical Pressure

Autofrettage is a metal forming technique widely incorporated for strengthening the thick-walled cylindrical and spherical pressure vessels. The technique is based on the principle of initially subjecting the cylindrical or spherical vessel to partial plastic deformation and then unloading it; as a result of which compressive residual stresses are set up. On the basis of the type of the forming load, autofrettage can be classified into hydraulic, swage, explosive, thermal, and rotational. Considerable research studies have been carried out on autofrettage with a variety of theoretical models and experimental methods. This paper presents an extensive review of various types of autofrettage processes. A wide range of theoretical models and experimental studies are described. Optimization of an autofrettage process is also discussed. Based on the review, some challenging issues and key areas for future research are identified.

scholarly journals Rhythm and Music-Based Interventions in Motor Rehabilitation: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thenille Braun Janzen ◽  
Yuko Koshimori ◽  
Nicole M. Richard ◽  
Michael H. Thaut
Keyword(s):  
Motor Function ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Motor Rehabilitation ◽  
Movement Timing ◽  
Current State ◽  
Musical Rhythms

Research in basic and clinical neuroscience of music conducted over the past decades has begun to uncover music’s high potential as a tool for rehabilitation. Advances in our understanding of how music engages parallel brain networks underpinning sensory and motor processes, arousal, reward, and affective regulation, have laid a sound neuroscientific foundation for the development of theory-driven music interventions that have been systematically tested in clinical settings. Of particular significance in the context of motor rehabilitation is the notion that musical rhythms can entrain movement patterns in patients with movement-related disorders, serving as a continuous time reference that can help regulate movement timing and pace. To date, a significant number of clinical and experimental studies have tested the application of rhythm- and music-based interventions to improve motor functions following central nervous injury and/or degeneration. The goal of this review is to appraise the current state of knowledge on the effectiveness of music and rhythm to modulate movement spatiotemporal patterns and restore motor function. By organizing and providing a critical appraisal of a large body of research, we hope to provide a revised framework for future research on the effectiveness of rhythm- and music-based interventions to restore and (re)train motor function.

scholarly journals Temporal patterns of microglial activation in white matter following experimental mild traumatic brain injury: a systematic literature review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashanth S. Velayudhan ◽  
Nicole Schwab ◽  
Lili-Naz Hazrati ◽  
Anne L. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cell Integrity ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractMild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) are a prevalent form of injury that can result in persistent neurological impairments. Microglial activation has become increasingly recognized as a key process regulating the pathology of white matter in a wide range of brain injury and disease contexts. As white matter damage is known to be a major contributor to the impairments that follow mTBI, microglia have rightfully become a common target of investigation for the development of mTBI therapies and biomarkers. Recent work has demonstrated that the efficacy of microglial manipulation as a therapeutic intervention following injury or disease is highly time-sensitive, emphasizing the importance of advancing our understanding of the dynamics of post-mTBI microglial activation from onset to resolution. Current reporting of microglial activation in experimental studies of mTBI is non-standardized, which has limited our ability to identify concrete patterns of post-mTBI microglial activation over time. In this review, we examine preclinical studies of mTBI that report on microglial activation in white matter regions to summarize our current understanding of these patterns. Specifically, we summarize timecourses of post-mTBI microglial activation in white matter regions of the brain, identify factors that influence this activation, examine the temporal relationship between microglial activation and other post-mTBI assessments, and compare the relative sensitivities of various methods for detecting microglial activation. While the lack of replicated experimental conditions has limited the extent of conclusions that can confidently be drawn, we find that microglia are activated over a wide range of timecourses following mTBI and that microglial activation is a long-lasting outcome of mTBI that may resolve after most typical post-mTBI assessments, with the exception of those measuring oligodendrocyte lineage cell integrity. We identify several understudied parameters of post-mTBI microglial activation in white matter, such as the inclusion of female subjects. This review summarizes our current understanding of the progression of microglial activation in white matter structures following experimental mTBI and offers suggestions for important future research directions.

scholarly journals Routinely collected patient data in neurology research: A systematic mapping review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Biggin ◽  
Hedley Emsley ◽  
Jo Knight
Keyword(s):  
Small Body ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Systematic Mapping ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Healthcare Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mapping Review ◽  
Disease Study ◽  
Systematic Mapping Review

Abstract Background This review focuses on neurology research which uses routinely collected data. The number of such studies is growing alongside the expansion of data collection. We aim to gain a broad picture of the scope of how routine healthcare data have been utilised. Methods This study follows a systematic mapping review approach which does not make a judgement on the quality of the papers included in the review, thereby enabling a complete overview of the field. Results Of 4481 publications retrieved, 386 met the eligibility criteria for this study. These publications covered a wide range of conditions, but the majority were based on one or only a small number of neurological conditions. In particular, publications concerned with three discrete areas of neurological practice - multiple sclerosis (MS), epilepsy/seizure and Parkinson’s disease - accounted for 60% of the total. MS was the focus of the highest proportion of eligible studies (35%), yet in the recent Global Burden of Neurological Disease study it ranks only 14 th out of 15 neurological disorders for DALY rates. In contrast, migraine is the neurological disorder with the highest ranking of DALYs globally (after stroke) and yet it was represented by only 4% of eligible studies. Conclusion This review shows that there is a disproportionately large body of literature pertaining to relatively rare disorders, and a correspondingly small body of literature describing more common conditions. Therefore, there is potential for future research to redress this balance.

scholarly journals Routinely collected patient data in neurology research: a systematic mapping review

BMC Neurology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fran Biggin ◽  
Hedley C. A. Emsley ◽  
Jo Knight
Keyword(s):  
Small Body ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Systematic Mapping ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Healthcare Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mapping Review ◽  
Disease Study ◽  
Systematic Mapping Review

Abstract Background This review focuses on neurology research which uses routinely collected data. The number of such studies is growing alongside the expansion of data collection. We aim to gain a broad picture of the scope of how routine healthcare data have been utilised. Methods This study follows a systematic mapping review approach which does not make a judgement on the quality of the papers included in the review, thereby enabling a complete overview of the field. Results Of 4481 publications retrieved, 386 met the eligibility criteria for this study. These publications covered a wide range of conditions, but the majority were based on one or only a small number of neurological conditions. In particular, publications concerned with three discrete areas of neurological practice - multiple sclerosis (MS), epilepsy/seizure and Parkinson’s disease - accounted for 60% of the total. MS was the focus of the highest proportion of eligible studies (35%), yet in the recent Global Burden of Neurological Disease study it ranks only 14th out of 15 neurological disorders for DALY rates. In contrast, migraine is the neurological disorder with the highest ranking of DALYs globally (after stroke) and yet it was represented by only 4% of eligible studies. Conclusion This review shows that there is a disproportionately large body of literature pertaining to relatively rare disorders, and a correspondingly small body of literature describing more common conditions. Therefore, there is potential for future research to redress this balance.

scholarly journals Person-following by autonomous robots: A categorical overview

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (14) ◽  
pp. 1581-1618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Jahidul Islam ◽  
Jungseok Hong ◽  
Junaed Sattar
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Autonomous Robots ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Open Problems ◽  
Working Environments ◽  
Person Following ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Prospective Application

A wide range of human–robot collaborative applications in diverse domains, such as manufacturing, health care, the entertainment industry, and social interactions, require an autonomous robot to follow its human companion. Different working environments and applications pose diverse challenges by adding constraints on the choice of sensors, degree of autonomy, and dynamics of a person-following robot. Researchers have addressed these challenges in many ways and contributed to the development of a large body of literature. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the literature by categorizing different aspects of person-following by autonomous robots. Also, the corresponding operational challenges are identified based on various design choices for ground, underwater, and aerial scenarios. In addition, state-of-the-art methods for perception, planning, control, and interaction are elaborately discussed and their applicability in varied operational scenarios is presented. Then some of the prominent methods are qualitatively compared, corresponding practicalities are illustrated, and their feasibility is analyzed for various use cases. Furthermore, several prospective application areas are identified, and open problems are highlighted for future research.

A Bio-Bibliography of Franciscan Authors in Colonial Central America

1952 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-473
Author(s):  
Eleanor B. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intellectual Activities

In the long story of the Hispanicization of Central America, the civilizing role of the regular clergy plays a major part. The difficulties of their task cannot be overestimated. Laboring in harsh and alien lands, the friars faced the problem of teaching the Christian religion and European concepts of morality to men reared in ancient and powerful religious traditions of their own which permeated every aspect of their daily lives. The conversion and indoctrination of these pagan peoples required unremitting effort, often under conditions of extreme physical hardship and mental anguish. The general history of the heroic labors and achievement of the Religious Orders is well known. But it is not perhaps as widely realized how many active missionaries also found time for study and writing that resulted in a large body of literature covering a wide range of subject matter, from works on the native languages and culture inspired by the urgent needs of the missionary program to erudite theological treatises. This bibliography of the Franciscan writers who flourished in the Yucatan and Guatemala areas during the colonial period has been compiled in the hope that it may shed more light on the scope of the intellectual activities of the missionary religious and be useful as a reference tool for future research.

scholarly journals The Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Family: Physiology of the Stress Response

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 2225-2286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan M. Deussing ◽  
Alon Chen
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Factor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Physiological Stress Response

The physiological stress response is responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis in the presence of real or perceived challenges. In this function, the brain activates adaptive responses that involve numerous neural circuits and effector molecules to adapt to the current and future demands. A maladaptive stress response has been linked to the etiology of a variety of disorders, such as anxiety and mood disorders, eating disorders, and the metabolic syndrome. The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and its relatives, the urocortins 1–3, in concert with their receptors (CRFR1, CRFR2), have emerged as central components of the physiological stress response. This central peptidergic system impinges on a broad spectrum of physiological processes that are the basis for successful adaptation and concomitantly integrate autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral stress responses. This review focuses on the physiology of CRF-related peptides and their cognate receptors with the aim of providing a comprehensive up-to-date overview of the field. We describe the major molecular features covering aspects of gene expression and regulation, structural properties, and molecular interactions, as well as mechanisms of signal transduction and their surveillance. In addition, we discuss the large body of published experimental studies focusing on state-of-the-art genetic approaches with high temporal and spatial precision, which collectively aimed to dissect the contribution of CRF-related ligands and receptors to different levels of the stress response. We discuss the controversies in the field and unravel knowledge gaps that might pave the way for future research directions and open up novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document