scholarly journals Temporal patterns of microglial activation in white matter following experimental mild traumatic brain injury: a systematic literature review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashanth S. Velayudhan ◽  
Nicole Schwab ◽  
Lili-Naz Hazrati ◽  
Anne L. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cell Integrity ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractMild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) are a prevalent form of injury that can result in persistent neurological impairments. Microglial activation has become increasingly recognized as a key process regulating the pathology of white matter in a wide range of brain injury and disease contexts. As white matter damage is known to be a major contributor to the impairments that follow mTBI, microglia have rightfully become a common target of investigation for the development of mTBI therapies and biomarkers. Recent work has demonstrated that the efficacy of microglial manipulation as a therapeutic intervention following injury or disease is highly time-sensitive, emphasizing the importance of advancing our understanding of the dynamics of post-mTBI microglial activation from onset to resolution. Current reporting of microglial activation in experimental studies of mTBI is non-standardized, which has limited our ability to identify concrete patterns of post-mTBI microglial activation over time. In this review, we examine preclinical studies of mTBI that report on microglial activation in white matter regions to summarize our current understanding of these patterns. Specifically, we summarize timecourses of post-mTBI microglial activation in white matter regions of the brain, identify factors that influence this activation, examine the temporal relationship between microglial activation and other post-mTBI assessments, and compare the relative sensitivities of various methods for detecting microglial activation. While the lack of replicated experimental conditions has limited the extent of conclusions that can confidently be drawn, we find that microglia are activated over a wide range of timecourses following mTBI and that microglial activation is a long-lasting outcome of mTBI that may resolve after most typical post-mTBI assessments, with the exception of those measuring oligodendrocyte lineage cell integrity. We identify several understudied parameters of post-mTBI microglial activation in white matter, such as the inclusion of female subjects. This review summarizes our current understanding of the progression of microglial activation in white matter structures following experimental mTBI and offers suggestions for important future research directions.

scholarly journals A Systematic Scoping Review of New Attention Problems Following Traumatic Brain Injury in Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Stojanovski ◽  
Shannon E. Scratch ◽  
Benjamin T. Dunkley ◽  
Russell Schachar ◽  
Anne L. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Attention Problems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Adhd Diagnosis ◽  
Wide Range

Objective: To summarize existing knowledge about the characteristics of attention problems secondary to traumatic brain injuries (TBI) of all severities in children.Methods: Computerized databases PubMed and PsychINFO and gray literature sources were used to identify relevant studies. Search terms were selected to identify original research examining new ADHD diagnosis or attention problems after TBI in children. Studies were included if they investigated any severity of TBI, assessed attention or ADHD after brain injury, investigated children as a primary or sub-analysis, and controlled for or excluded participants with preinjury ADHD or attention problems.Results: Thirty-nine studies were included in the review. Studies examined the prevalence of and risk factors for new attention problems and ADHD following TBI in children as well as behavioral and neuropsychological factors associated with these attention problems. Studies report a wide range of prevalence rates of new ADHD diagnosis or attention problems after TBI. Evidence indicates that more severe injury, injury in early childhood, or preinjury adaptive functioning problems, increases the risk for new ADHD and attention problems after TBI and both sexes appear to be equally vulnerable. Further, literature suggests that cases of new ADHD often co-occurs with neuropsychiatric impairment in other domains. Identified gaps in our understanding of new attention problems and ADHD include if mild TBI, the most common type of injury, increases risk and what brain abnormalities are associated with the emergence of these problems.Conclusion: This scoping review describes existing studies of new attention problems and ADHD following TBI in children and highlights important risk factors and comorbidities. Important future research directions are identified that will inform the extent of this outcome across TBI severities, its neural basis and points of intervention to minimize its impact.

scholarly journals Age, Sex and Cerebral Microbleed Effects On White Matter Degradation After Traumatic Brain Injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 886-887
Author(s):  
Andrei Irimia ◽  
Ammar Dharani ◽  
Van Ngo ◽  
David Robles ◽  
Kenneth Rostowsky
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Diffuse Axonal Injury ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cerebral Microbleed

Abstract Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) affects white matter (WM) integrity and accelerates neurodegeneration. This study assesses the effects of age, sex, and cerebral microbleed (CMB) load as predictors of WM integrity in 70 subjects aged 18-77 imaged acutely and ~6 months after mTBI using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Two-tensor unscented Kalman tractography was used to segment and cluster 73 WM structures and to map changes in their mean fractional anisotropy (FA), a surrogate measure of WM integrity. Dimensionality reduction of mean FA feature vectors was implemented using principal component (PC) analysis, and two prominent PCs were used as responses in a multivariate analysis of covariance. Acutely and chronically, older age was significantly associated with lower FA (F2,65 = 8.7, p < .001, η2 = 0.2; F2,65 = 12.3, p < .001, η2 = 0.3, respectively), notably in the corpus callosum and in dorsolateral temporal structures, confirming older adults’ WM vulnerability to mTBI. Chronically, sex was associated with mean FA (F2,65 = 5.0, p = 0.01, η2 = 0.1), indicating males’ greater susceptibility to WM degradation. Acutely, a significant association was observed between CMB load and mean FA (F2,65 = 5.1, p = 0.009, η2 = 0.1), suggesting that CMBs reflect the acute severity of diffuse axonal injury. Together, these findings indicate that older age, male sex, and CMB load are risk factors for WM degeneration. Future research should examine how sex- and age-mediated WM degradation lead to cognitive decline and connectome degeneration after mTBI.

Persons With Histories of Traumatic Brain Injury and Problematic Sexual Behavior: An Exploratory Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 0306624X2110668
Author(s):  
Carrie C. LeMay ◽  
Jill D. Stinson
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Childhood Maltreatment ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Exploratory Analysis ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Care Group ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Childhood Experiences

Persons with traumatic brain injuries (TBI) who have engaged in problematic or illegal sexual behavior present with complex assessment and intervention needs yet remain understudied within the empirical literature. In the current exploratory analysis, important differences in adaptive and clinical functioning, adverse childhood experiences, and criminal offense history are examined in 25 persons with previous brain injury, 118 persons with intellectual disability but no known TBI, and 103 persons with no history of brain injury or intellectual disability, all of whom have engaged in problematic sexual behavior and who were residing in secure forensic inpatient care. Group differences were examined using comparisons of means and chi-squares. Results highlight important differences in education and employment experiences, diagnostic presentation, exposure to childhood maltreatment, and justice system involvement and characteristics of their sexual offense victims. Associations with prior literature and future research directions are discussed.

A review on recent advances and challenges of ionic wind produced by corona discharges with practical applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingguo Qu ◽  
Minjun Zeng ◽  
Dewei Zhang ◽  
Dakai Yang ◽  
Xiongwei Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corona Discharge ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Wind Generation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Discharge Process ◽  
Ionic Wind ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Wind Generators ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Gas Ionization

Abstract Ionic wind, an induced phenomenon during corona discharge, possessing the features of silent operation and no moving parts, has a wide range of applications. Ionic wind generation is accompanied by complex physical processes, involving gas ionization, ion recombination, flow, and various chemical reactions, as well as mutual couplings between some of them. Therefore, understanding the corona discharge process and ionic wind generation is crucial for researchers and engineers to better utilize this phenomenon in practical applications. In this review, the principles of corona discharge and its induced ionic wind are presented. Subsequently, ionic wind generators (IWGs) are discussed according to their applications, and the corresponding advances based on experimental studies and numerical simulations are also reviewed. Moreover, the challenges of transitioning the ionic wind technology from laboratory studies to practical applications are discussed. These challenges include the excessively high onset voltage of the corona, ozone emission, and influence of environmental conditions. Furthermore, the mechanisms of these barriers and several effective approaches for mitigating them are provided. Finally, some future research prospects and the conclusions are presented.

scholarly journals Traumatic Brain Injuries: Unreported and Untreated in an Army Population

2020 ◽  
Vol 185 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 154-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra M Escolas ◽  
Margie Luton ◽  
Hamid Ferdosi ◽  
Bianca D Chavez ◽  
Scot D Engel
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injuries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Treatment History ◽  
Anonymous Questionnaire ◽  
The Military

ABSTRACT Introduction In 2008, it was reported that 19.5% of service members previously deployed experienced a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Fifty-seven percent of those did not seek medical care. It was suggested that concerns with seeking care involved confidentiality and career issues. Objective: This study addressed mTBI history, medical treatment history, and stigmas associated with mTBI/concussion. Materials and Methods An anonymous questionnaire was developed. Data collection occurred throughout March 2018 in conjunction with Brain Injury Awareness Month activities. Results All 5,174 volunteers were Army; 86% male; 87% were between 18 and 34 years old; 89% had <14 years in the military; 35% had a combat deployment; and 10% reported having one or more mTBIs in their military careers. Of the Soldiers who reported a concussion, 52% sought medical care. Of those not seeking care, 64% reported they did not think the injury required care, followed by 18% fearing negative impact on their career. Twenty-eight percent who experienced an mTBI versus 11% who have not reported that there is a stigma associated with an mTBI. Conclusions Soldiers sometimes failed to report their suspected concussions and did not seek medical care. Educational efforts may increase reporting of and medical screening for potentially concussive events. Future research to determine the ramifications of unreported and untreated mTBIs/concussions is recommended.

A Review of Theoretical and Experimental Research on Various Autofrettage Processes

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajkumar Shufen ◽  
Uday S. Dixit
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Spherical Vessel ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Compressive Residual Stresses ◽  
Spherical Pressure

Autofrettage is a metal forming technique widely incorporated for strengthening the thick-walled cylindrical and spherical pressure vessels. The technique is based on the principle of initially subjecting the cylindrical or spherical vessel to partial plastic deformation and then unloading it; as a result of which compressive residual stresses are set up. On the basis of the type of the forming load, autofrettage can be classified into hydraulic, swage, explosive, thermal, and rotational. Considerable research studies have been carried out on autofrettage with a variety of theoretical models and experimental methods. This paper presents an extensive review of various types of autofrettage processes. A wide range of theoretical models and experimental studies are described. Optimization of an autofrettage process is also discussed. Based on the review, some challenging issues and key areas for future research are identified.

scholarly journals Utility value interventions: Why and how instructors should use them in college psychology courses.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raechel N. Soicher ◽  
Kathryn A. Becker-Blease
Keyword(s):  
Achievement Motivation ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
College Level ◽  
Utility Value ◽  
Expectancy Value ◽  
Course Content ◽  
Future Goals ◽  
Wide Range

According to expectancy-value models of achievement motivation, a core component of increasing student motivation is utility value. Utility value refers to the importance that a task has in one’s future goals. Utility value interventions provide an opportunity for students to make explicit connections between course content and their own lives. A large body of literature suggests that utility value interventions are effective for a wide range of students (e.g., both adolescent and adult learners) in a variety of courses (e.g., introductory psychology, introductory biology, and physics). This review provides (1) an overview of an expectancy value model of achievement motivation, (2) a comprehensive review of the experimental studies of utility value interventions in psychology, (3) concrete pedagogical recommendations based on the evidence from over thirty studies of the utility value intervention, and (4) suggestions for future research directions. After reading this review, college-level psychology instructors should be able to decide whether the utility value intervention is appropriate for their own course and, if so, implement the intervention effectively.

scholarly journals GERIATRIC TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY AND ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE SHARE SIMILAR PATTERNS OF WHITE MATTER DEGRADATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S96-S96
Author(s):  
Andrei Irimia ◽  
Kenneth Rostowsky ◽  
Nikhil Chaudhari ◽  
Maria Calvillo ◽  
Sean Lee
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Although mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are associated with white matter (WM) degradation, the nature of these alterations and the outcomes of their comparison have not been elucidated. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been utilized in both conditions, and has uncovered decreases in the fractional anisotropy (FA) of the corpus callosum and cingulum bundle, compared to healthy control (HC) volunteers [1, 2]. Despite mTBI being a potential risk factor for AD, no systematic quantitative comparison has been drawn between their WM degradation patterns. Here we investigated WM FA differences using DTI and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) between age- and sex-matched adults: 33 chronic mTBI patients, 67 AD patients and 81 HC participants. T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and DTI were acquired at 3T. mTBI patients were scanned acutely and ~6 months post-injury. FSL software was used for artefact correction, FA computation and TBSS implementation. Statistical comparison of WM FA patterns between mTBI and AD patients was achieved by two one-sided t tests (TOSTs) of statistical equivalence, with equivalence bounds defined where Cohen’s d < 0.3. A significant difference was found between the FA means of mTBI vs. HC groups, and the AD vs. HC groups (p < 0.01, corrected). Mean FA differences between mTBI and AD were statistically equivalent in the corpus callosum and in the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (p < 0.05, corrected). Future research should focus on clarifying the similarities between mTBI and AD, potentially leading to novel hypotheses and improved AD diagnosis.

The challenges of gamifying CSR communication

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kateryna Maltseva ◽  
Christian Fieseler ◽  
Hannah Trittin-Ulbrich
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Report ◽  
Environmental Attitude ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Csr Communication ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
And Behavior

PurposeA growing number of research report positive effects of gamification, that is the introduction of game elements to non-game contexts, on stakeholder intentions and behaviors. Hence, gamification is proposed as an effective tool for organizations to educate their stakeholders about corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainability-related topics. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, the authors ask whether gamification can communicate matters of social and environmental concern. Based on three consecutive experimental studies, the authors show that there are boundary conditions to the effectiveness of gamified communication on stakeholder attitude, intention and behavior.FindingsThe authors find positive, negative and insignificant effects of gamification on pro-environmental attitude, intention and behavior. Based on these ambiguous results, the authors conclude with a call for more rigorous forms of designing gamified experiences to foster stakeholder learning and highlight and develop several such future research and engagement opportunities.Originality/valueThe study is the first to apply gamification to the context of corporate and in particular CSR communication. It is furthermore one of the first studies that actually research the effects of gamification empirically, and in controlled experimental conditions.

Head Trauma in the Cat: 2. Assessment and Management of Traumatic Brain Injury

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 815-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Garosi ◽  
Sophie Adamantos
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
General Practice ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Head Trauma ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Current Evidence

Practical relevance Feline trauma patients are commonly seen in general practice and frequently have sustained some degree of brain injury. Clinical challenges Cats with traumatic brain injuries may have a variety of clinical signs, ranging from minor neurological deficits to life-threatening neurological impairment. Appropriate management depends on prompt and accurate patient assessment, and an understanding of the pathophysiology of brain injury. The most important consideration in managing these patients is maintenance of cerebral perfusion and oxygenation. For cats with severe head injury requiring decompressive surgery, early intervention is critical. Evidence base There is a limited clinical evidence base to support the treatment of traumatic brain injury in cats, despite its relative frequency in general practice. Appropriate therapy is, therefore, controversial in veterinary medicine and mostly based on experimental studies or human head trauma studies. This review, which sets out to describe the specific approach to diagnosis and management of traumatic brain injury in cats, draws on the current evidence, as far as it exists, as well as the authors' clinical experience.

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