scholarly journals Personality Change Through Arts Education: A Review and Call for Further Research

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Grosz ◽  
Julia Lemp ◽  
Beatrice Rammstedt ◽  
Clemens Lechner
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Arts Education ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
The Impact

Education involving active engagement in the arts, herein called arts education, is often believed to foster the development of desirable personality traits and skills in children and adolescents. Yet, the impact of arts education on personality development has rarely been systematically investigated. In the current paper, we reviewed the literature on personality change through arts education. We identified 36 suitable experimental and quasi-experimental studies. Evidence from these studies tentatively suggest arts education programs can foster personality traits such as extraversion and conscientiousness but not self-esteem. Also, the effects of arts education appeared to be stronger in early and middle childhood than in preadolescence and early adolescence. However, the evidence for the effectiveness of arts education was very limited among the few included true experiments. Furthermore, the reviewed studies were heterogenous and subject to content-related, methodological and statistical limitations. Thus, the current evidence base is inconclusive as to the effects of arts education on personality development. By identifying potential effects of arts education and limitations of past research, our review serves as a call for more research and guidepost for future studies on arts education and personality change.

scholarly journals Polyphenols and Cognition In Humans: An Overview of Current Evidence from Recent Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Daniel Joseph Lamport ◽  
Claire Michelle Williams
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cognitive Outcome ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
Cognitive Benefits ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Impact

There is increasing interest in the impact of dietary influences on the brain throughout the lifespan, ranging from improving cognitive development in children through to attenuating ageing related cognitive decline and reducing risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Polyphenols, phytochemicals naturally present in a host of fruits, vegetables, tea, cocoa and other foods, have received particular attention in this regard, and there is now a substantial body of evidence from experimental and epidemiological studies examining whether their consumption is associated with cognitive benefits. The purpose of this overview is to synthesise and evaluate the best available evidence from two sources, namely meta-analyses and systematic reviews, in order to give an accurate reflection of the current evidence base for an association between polyphenols and cognitive benefits. Four meta-analyses and thirteen systematic reviews published between 2017–2020 were included, and were categorised according to whether they reviewed specific polyphenol-rich foods and classes or all polyphenols. A requirement for inclusion was assessment of a behavioural cognitive outcome in humans. A clear and consistent theme emerged that whilst there is support for an association between polyphenol consumption and cognitive benefits, this conclusion is tentative, and by no means definitive. Considerable methodological heterogeneity was repeatedly highlighted as problematic such that the current evidence base does not support reliable conclusions relating to efficacy of specific doses, duration of treatment, or sensitivity in specific populations or certain cognitive domains. The complexity of multiple interactions between a range of direct and indirect mechanisms of action is discussed. Further research is required to strengthen the reliability of the evidence base.

scholarly journals Memory and Personality Development in Adulthood: Evidence From Four Longitudinal Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-97
Author(s):  
Yannick Stephan ◽  
Angelina R Sutin ◽  
Martina Luchetti ◽  
Antonio Terracciano
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Lower Baseline ◽  
Wisconsin Longitudinal Study

Abstract Objectives Personality traits have been related to concurrent memory performance. Most studies, however, have focused on personality as a predictor of memory; comparatively less is known about whether memory is related to personality development across adulthood. Using 4 samples, the present study tests whether memory level and change are related to personality change in adulthood. Method Participants were drawn from 2 waves of the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study Graduates (WLSG; N = 3,232, mean age = 64.28, SD = 0.65) and Wisconsin Longitudinal Study Siblings (WLSS; N = 1,570, mean age = 63.52, SD = 6.69) samples, the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS; N = 1,901, mean age = 55.43, SD = 10.98), and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; N = 6,038, mean age = 65.47, SD = 8.28). Immediate and delayed recall and the 5 major personality traits were assessed at baseline and follow-up. Results There was heterogeneity in the associations across samples. A meta-analysis of latent change in the four samples indicated that lower baseline memory performance was related to an increase in neuroticism (B = −0.002; 95% CI = −0.004, −0.0008) and a decrease in agreeableness (B = 0.004; 95% CI = 0.002, 0.007) and conscientiousness (B = 0.005; 95% CI = 0.0008, 0.010). In addition, declines in memory were related to steeper declines in extraversion (B = 0.06; 95% CI = 0.003, 0.11), openness (B = 0.04; 95% CI = 0.007, 0.069), and conscientiousness (B = 0.05; 95% CI = 0.019, 0.09). Discussion The present study indicates that poor memory and declines in memory over time are related to maladaptive personality change. These associations, however, were small and inconsistent across samples.

scholarly journals Personality and Psychopathology: A Stagnant Field in Need of Development

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Emily Durbin ◽  
Brian M. Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Psychopathology ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Causal Processes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dominant Paradigm ◽  
Spectrum Model

A dominant paradigm in psychopathology research proposes that individual differences in personality are centrally involved in the origins and manifestations of psychopathology, and structural models of personality and psychopathology have been extremely useful in helping to organize associations among many traits and disorders. However, these models merely describe patterns of covariation; they do not explain the processes by which these patterns emerge. We argue that the field is stagnated, as it is overly focused on the demonstration of concurrent associations and on confirming a spectrum model that proposes traits and disorders are manifestations of the same underlying constructs. We contend that if the field is to move towards an understanding of causal processes, it must integrate knowledge and principles of personality development and developmental psychopathology. To begin this integration, we review (i) normative trends in personality change, (ii) age–related changes in the prevalence of disorders, and (iii) the impact of onset and chronicity on the severity of disorders. We propose several developmental processes that may contribute to the co–development of personality and psychopathology. We then present novel empirical findings to illustrate how a developmental perspective on traits and disorders can inform new hypotheses and propose principles and hypotheses that should guide future research. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology

scholarly journals A critical review of exercise as a treatment for clinically depressed adults: time to get pragmatic

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Barreto Schuch ◽  
Ioannis Dimitrios Morres ◽  
Panteleimon Ekkekakis ◽  
Simon Rosenbaum ◽  
Brendon Stubbs
Keyword(s):  
Antidepressant Treatment ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Routine Practice ◽  
Pragmatic Trials ◽  
Exercise Interventions ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
Clinically Depressed ◽  
Comparison Groups ◽  
The Impact

ObjectiveAlthough considerable evidence supports the efficacy of exercise as an antidepressant treatment, critical reviews informing routine practice and future research directions are scarce.MethodsWe critically reviewed exercise studies for clinically depressed adults, focussing on the PICOS criteria referred to participants, interventions, comparisons, outcomes, and study designs.ResultsMost studies have not screened their samples for symptom heterogeneity. Also, they have employed heterogeneous exercise interventions and control groups that may lead to an underestimation of the benefits of exercise. In addition, pragmatic trials allowing scalable replication and implementation in routine practice are scarce. Future studies, can consider the research domain criteria as a diagnostic framework, and conduct moderator analyses to identify depressed subgroups with symptomatology and biopsychosocial characteristics associated with differential responses to exercise interventions. The search for biomarkers of the antidepressant responses to exercise should be prioritised. Further, non-physically active comparison groups should be used to minimise treatment cross-overs and thus the underestimation of the effects of exercise interventions. Finally, the use of outcome measures that maintain their validity at low and moderate levels of symptom severity and the development of trials with a pragmatic design are essential.ConclusionThe current evidence base is fraught with methodological considerations that need to be taken into account in order to increase further our understanding on the impact of exercise as medicine in depression. Future research should include moderator analyses, incorporate biomarker assays, use appropriate control and comparison groups, assess outcomes with psychometrically sensitive measures, and prioritise pragmatic trials towards transition to routine practice.

Preventing late-life depression: a clinical update

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 1216-1224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Functional Limitation ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Late Life Depression ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTBackground: Achieving remission in late-life depressive disorder is difficult; it is far better to prevent depression. In the last ten years there have been a number of clinical studies of the feasibility of prevention.Methods: A limited literature review was undertaken of studies from 2000 specifically concerning the primary prevention of late-life depressive disorder or where primary prevention is a relevant secondary outcome.Results: Selective primary prevention (targeting individuals at risk but not expressing depression) has been shown to be effective for stroke and macular degeneration but not hip fracture. It may also prove effective for the depression associated with caregiving in dementia. Emerging evidence finds effectiveness for indicated prevention (in those identified with subthreshold depression often with other risk factors such as functional limitation). Despite a number of promising risk factors (for example, diet, exercise, vascular risk factors, homocysteine and insomnia), universal prevention of late-life depression (acting to reduce the impact of risk factors at the population level) has no current evidence base, although a population approach might mitigate suicide.Conclusion: Interventions which work in preventing late-life depression include antidepressant medication in standard doses and Problem-Solving Treatment. When integrated into a care model, such as collaborative care, prevention is feasible but more economic studies are needed.

scholarly journals From Desire to Development? A Multi-Sample, Idiographic Examination of Volitional Personality Change

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Baranski ◽  
Patrick J. Morse ◽  
Jacob S. Gray ◽  
William Lewis Dunlop
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Emotional Stability ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Actual Change

Using an idiographic-nomothetic methodology, we assessed individuals’ ability to change their personality traits without therapeutic or experimental involvement. Participants from internet and college populations completed trait measures and reported current personality change desires. Self-reported traits as well as perceptions of trait change were collected after 1-year (Internet) and 6-months (College). In large part, volitional personality change desires did not predict actual change. When desires did predict change, (a) desired increases in Extraversion, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness corresponded with decreases in corresponding traits, (b) participants perceived more change than actually occurred, and (c) decreases in Emotional Stability predicted perceptions of personality change. Results illustrate the difficulty in purposefully changing one’s traits when left to one’s own devices.Keywords: Volitional personality change; Idiographic-nomothetic; Personality development

scholarly journals Personality traits an antecedent or consequences of workplace bullying

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 736-755
Author(s):  
Khalida Naseem ◽  
Alia Ahed
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Workplace Bullying ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Managerial Implication ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates whether Big Five personality traits are antecedents or consequences of bullying. A two-panel study designed in which panel one T1 data collected in one attempt and after a year panel, two T2 time data collected in the second attempt. Existing research on bullying found that individuals exposed to bullying experience an increase in conscientiousness and neuroticism and a decrease in agreeableness. It is claimed that the personality of the victim contributes to the bullying escalation process. There is still research scarcity whether personality is the cause of bullying or bullying results in personality change and another gap found in previous research was the lack of longitudinal research intended in shaping the individual antecedents or the impact of workplace bullying. By bridging these gaps, our study with simple random sampling collected data from university employees (N = 725). Manova test with repeated measures and structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis in AMOS was then used to examine and parallel many competing models to govern data fitness. Results found that experience of bullying in the first interval T1 leads to reduce in agreeableness and an increase in neuroticism in second interval T2. Managerial implication is also discussed.

21st Century Learner Self-Report Feedback Inventories: A review and defence of psychometric approaches

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin T. L. Brown ◽  
Anran Zhao
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Psychological Control ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Effective Feedback ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
The Impact

Interest in how learners understand, respond to, and value educational feedback has increased notably in the last two decades. Much of the current evidence of the impact or influence of feedback arises from self-report inventories. Self-report respondents are presumed to be well situated to report on their own experiences, attitudes, and behaviours. However, considerable validity threats exist in this method, which may limit the meaningfulness of self-reports. Consequently, many researchers are concerned about the disproportionate role self-reports play in informing our understanding of effective feedback. The validity of claims about learner self-reports on feedback depend on the credibility of the measures used. Inventories developed within the psychometric tradition are expected to provide theoretical and empirical evidence for the validity and reliability of the measures to support subsequent interpretations and decisions. This review provides a defense of the potential value of psychometric self-report data in informing the psychology of effective feedback. A systematic review of 14 feedback self-report inventories published in the 21st century found 25 empirical studies that replicate one or more of these inventories. Thirteen survey and 12 experimental studies were reviewed to provide a thematic analysis of the state of research. Seven studies used latent theory modeling to test the robustness of the MIMIC-based inventories, relying instead on estimates of scale reliability. Eight of 25 studies reported full replication of the inventory. Just four studies had an independent measure (academic achievement), with the vast majority of studies relating feedback inventories to self-reported constructs. Most effects were small and used small samples, which weakens reproducibility. The data showed that feedback perceptions have complex overlap with psychological control and competence beliefs, largely consistent with self-regulation of learning theory. Psychometric methods can improve the quality of research into how students understand, experience, think about, and use feedback that is given to them.

Abstract 4450: Does the Evidence Support Guideline Recommendations for Clopidogrel Pretreatment?

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shervin Eshaghian ◽  
Stanley Chou ◽  
Jayanta Das ◽  
George A Diamond ◽  
Prediman K Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Bleeding ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Bleeding Risk ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
The Impact

Although few concrete data exist about the optimal timing and dose of clopidogrel pretreatment, the ACC/AHA & ESC guidelines endorse pretreatment with 300 – 600 mg of clopidogrel at least 2– 6 hours before PCI as Class IA (ACS) and Class IC (elective PCI) recommendation. To evaluate the current evidence base in support for clopidogrel pretreat-ment. Five trials examining the impact of clopidogrel pretreatment in stable and unstable CAD were evaluated: PCI-CURE, PCI-CLARITY, CREDO, PRAGUE-8, ARMYDA-5. Because of substantial clinical heterogeneity in trial design and population, concomitant therapies (glycoprotein 2b/3a inhibitors, thrombolysis, etc), loading dose, pretreatment duration and analysis plan between PCI-CURE, PCI-CLARITY and the rest, a formal meta-analysis was confined only to CREDO, PRAGUE-8, ARMYDA-5. The key data are summarized in the Table . Clopidogrel pretreatment was associated with significant reduction in ischemic outcomes without a significant increase in major bleeding in two out of the 5 trials (PCI-CURE and PCI-CLARITY). Both these trials utilized nonrandomized subgroup comparisons with pretreatment duration longer than that typically encountered in clinical practice (<48h). A meta-analysis of the 3 trials demonstrated a nonsignificant 23% odds reduction in efficacy (P=0.1) and a nonsignificant 29% odds increase in major bleeding (P=0.24). No significant heterogeneity was observed for pooled efficacy (P=0.79) or bleeding (P=0.77) outcomes. Pretreatment hypothesis is currently not validated in rigorous prospective assessments, thereby calling into question the Class I recommendation (benefit >>>risk) endorsed by the guidelines. Clearly, further clinical data regarding dose, time course of pretreatment and associated benefit are warranted to provide unequivocal support. Until then, it is prudent to rule out surgical CAD before pretreatment to avoid bleeding risk. Trials Assessing Clopidogrel Pretreatment

scholarly journals Preprint Perceived Characteristics of Life Events - Short-Term Changes in Prosociality and Empathy?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ina Fassbender ◽  
Peter Haehner ◽  
Susanne Buecker ◽  
Maike Luhmann
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
External Control ◽  
Status Change ◽  
Growth Curve Models ◽  
Post Traumatic Growth ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Individual

Post-traumatic growth can be understood as positive change in desirable personality traits after adverse life events. However, recent research questioned whether adversity is a relevant, necessary, and sufficient condition for change in desirable personality traits. Using five-wave longitudinal data, this study explored changes in the desirable personality traits prosociality and empathy before and after life events. We included all life events participants had experienced between the second and third assessment, that is, adverse, ambiguous, and positive events. Participants rated their life events on the Event Characteristics Questionnaire which assesses the individual perception of life events on nine continuous dimensions: challenge, emotional significance, extraordinariness, external control, impact, valence, social status change, predictability and change in world views. We used multilevel growth curve models to explore changes in prosociality and empathy as a function of these event characteristics. Prosociality and empathy remained stable in the assessment period of six to nine months after the reported life event, independently of whether the event had been perceived as adverse or not. We discuss our findings with respect to the inclusion of positive and ambiguous events as predictors of personality change and with respect to its theoretical implications for post-traumatic growth and personality development more broadly.

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