The emerging association of canonical finger patterns and quantity-number linkage in early childhood

Through repeated use of fingers for counting and representing numerical magnitudes in early childhood, specific finger patterns become associated with mental representations of specific quantities. Although children as young as three years of age already use their fingers for representing numerical quantities, evidence on advantageous recognition of such canonical compared to non-canonical finger patterns as well as its association with numerical skills in young children is scarce. In this study, we investigated the performance of N=101 children aged around four years in canonical vs. non-canonical finger pattern recognition and its concurrent association with skills tapping into children’s’ knowledge about quantity-number linkage. Extending previous findings observed for older children, the present results indicated that despite considerable variability on the individual level performance in canonical finger pattern recognition was better compared to non-canonical finger pattern recognition on the group level. Moreover, both canonical and non-canonical finger pattern recognition was positively correlated with tasks tapping into quantity-number linkage. However, when controlling for verbal counting skills, correlations that remained significant were only found for canonical but not non-canonical finger pattern recognition performance. Overall, these results provide insights into the early onset and significance of the effect of canonicity in finger pattern recognition during early numerical development.

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The impact of overeducated and undereducated workers on establishment-level productivity

International Journal of Manpower ◽

10.1108/ijm-01-2015-0007 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 372-392 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Philipp Grunau

Keyword(s):

Spillover Effects ◽

Point Of View ◽

Educational Mismatch ◽

Content Type ◽

Individual Level ◽

Hr Management ◽

The Individual ◽

The Impact ◽

Level Performance ◽

Insight Into

Purpose – Many contributions to the educational mismatch literature address the productivity effects of both excess and deficit educational attainments for workers at the individual level. Due to the limited transferability of their results to establishment-level performance, especially when allowing for the possibility of spillover effects from mismatched workers to their well-matched colleagues, from an employer’s point of view, it is highly important to know the net effect of educationally mismatched employees on productivity at the establishment level. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This paper analyses the impact of overeducated and undereducated workers among an establishment’s workforce on its productivity, providing first representative evidence for Germany. Using linked employer-employee data from Germany, the author estimates dynamic panel production functions using a system GMM estimator. Findings – The author finds that undereducated workers among an establishment’s workforce impair its (establishment-level) productivity, implying that an establishment’s HR management should avoid the recruitment of undereducated workers, at least if they follow a short-term personnel policy. The effect for overeducated employees is also negative, albeit small and insignificant. Originality/value – The consideration of the phenomena of over and undereducation from the employer’s point of view provides further insight into the consequences of educational mismatch.

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The influence of face masks on emotion recognition and the role of individual differences

10.31234/osf.io/dx94v ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sarah McCrackin ◽

Francesca Capozzi ◽

Florence Mayrand ◽

Jelena Ristic

Keyword(s):

Social Competence ◽

Personality Traits ◽

Emotion Recognition ◽

Recognition Performance ◽

Facial Feature ◽

Individual Level ◽

Face Features ◽

Upper Face ◽

The Individual

With widespread adoption of mask wearing, the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic highlighted a need for a deeper understanding of how facial feature obstruction affects emotion recognition. Here we asked participants (n=120) to identify disgusted, angry, sad, neutral, surprised, happy, and fearful emotions from faces with and without masks, and examined if recognition performance was related to their level of social competence and personality traits. Performance was reduced for all masked relative to unmasked emotions. Masks impacted recognition of expressions with diagnostic lower face features the most (disgust, anger) and those with diagnostic upper face features the least (fear, surprise). Recognition performance also varied at the individual level. Persons with higher overall social competence were better at identifying unmasked expressions, while persons with lower trait extraversion and higher trait agreeableness were better at recognizing masked expressions. These results reveal novel insights about the role of face features in emotion recognition and show that obscuring facial features affects social communication differently as a function of individual social competence and personality traits.

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Exploring patterns of stability and change in caregivers’ word usage across early childhood

10.31234/osf.io/fym86 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hang Jiang ◽

Michael C. Frank ◽

Vivek Kulkarni ◽

Abdellah Fourtassi

Keyword(s):

Early Childhood ◽

Language Change ◽

Older Children ◽

Word Use ◽

Developmental Context ◽

New Concepts ◽

The World ◽

Linguistic Input ◽

The Individual ◽

Distributional Semantic Models

The linguistic input children receive across early childhood plays a crucial role in shaping their knowledge about the world. To study this input, researchers have begun applying distributional semantic models to large corpora of child-directed speech, extracting various patterns of word use/co-occurrence. Previous work using these models has not measured how these patterns may change over the course of development. In this work, we leverage NLP methods that were originally developed to study historical language change to compare caregivers' use of words when talking to younger and older children. Some words' usage changed more than others'; this variability could be predicted based on the word's properties at both the individual and category level. These findings suggest that the patterns of word use may be tuned to children's developmental context, perhaps scaffolding the acquisition of new concepts and skills.

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Contrasting shared- and specific-mechanism accounts of developmental prosopagnosia: A new approach

10.31234/osf.io/zjymv ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Christian Gerlach ◽

Tirta Susilo ◽

Jason J. S. Barton ◽

Andrea Albonico ◽

Manuela Malaspina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Object Recognition ◽

Recognition Performance ◽

Collateral Damage ◽

Specific Mechanism ◽

Cognitive Neuropsychology ◽

New Approach ◽

Individual Level ◽

Unbiased Manner ◽

The Individual ◽

General Association

The understanding of developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is dominated by two opposing views: (i) that DP reflects malfunction of a mechanism shared by face and object recognition, but which is more critical for face than for object recognition, or (ii) that DP is due to malfunction of a mechanism specific to faces, but where object recognition deficits may co-occur due to collateral damage. Here we address some of the limitations in DP studies on this point by examining face and car recognition in a large cohort of healthy subjects selected in an unbiased manner. At the group level we find evidence of a general association between face and car recognition performance but at the individual level we also find occasional dissociations. We discuss the methodological implications of these findings for cognitive neuropsychology in general (association vs. dissociation) but also the theoretical implications for the current understanding of DP more specifically.

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Lexical-semantic skills in bilingual children who are becoming English-dominant: A longitudinal study

Bilingualism Language and Cognition ◽

10.1017/s1366728913000746 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 556-571 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

LI SHENG

Keyword(s):

Language Proficiency ◽

Bilingual Children ◽

Older Children ◽

Individual Level ◽

Lexical Semantic ◽

English Dominant ◽

The Individual ◽

Naming Tasks ◽

Semantic Skills ◽

Error Types

Twenty-seven Mandarin–English bilingual children participated in picture identification and picture naming tasks at two time points, 16 months apart. The younger children (mean age = 4 years) showed greater gains over time than the older children (mean age = 6 years 10 months) in English lexical-semantic skills and neither group showed significant gains in Mandarin. At the individual level, a majority of the children showed increased accuracy for the English tasks, but only half of them did so for the Mandarin tasks. Analyses of error distribution indicated production of more advanced error types in the older children and in English, as well as different patterns of time-related changes in error types in the two languages. These findings illustrate how age and initial language proficiency are related to lexical growth among Mandarin-speaking bilingual children who are becoming English-dominant.

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Task Assignment and Trajectory Planning Algorithm for a Class of Cooperative Agricultural Robots

Journal of Dynamic Systems Measurement and Control ◽

10.1115/1.4028849 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 137 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Ni Li ◽

Charles Remeikas ◽

Yunjun Xu ◽

Suhada Jayasuriya ◽

Reza Ehsani

Keyword(s):

Trajectory Planning ◽

Task Assignment ◽

Agricultural Field ◽

Individual Level ◽

Agricultural Robots ◽

Hierarchical Decision ◽

Planning Algorithm ◽

The Individual ◽

Citrus Harvesting ◽

Level Performance

Agricultural field operations, such as harvesting for fruits and scouting for disease, are labor intensive and time consuming. With the recent push toward autonomous farming, a method to rapidly generate trajectories for a group of cooperative agricultural robots becomes necessary. The challenging aspect of solving this problem is to satisfy realistic constraints such as changing environments, actuation limitations, nonlinear heterogeneous dynamics, conflict resolution, and formation reconfigurations. In this paper, a hierarchical decision making and trajectory planning method is studied for a group of agricultural robots cooperatively conducting certain farming task such as citrus harvesting. Within the algorithm framework, there are two main parts (cooperative level and individual level): (1) in the cooperative level, once a discrete reconfiguration event is confirmed and replanning is triggered, all the possible formation configurations and associated robot locations for specific farming tasks will be evaluated and ranked according to the feasibility condition and the cooperative level performance index; and (2) in the individual level, a local pursuit (LP) strategy based cooperative trajectory planning algorithm is designed to generate local optimal cooperative trajectories for agricultural robots to achieve and maintain their desired operation formation in a decentralized manner. The capabilities of the proposed method are demonstrated in a citrus harvesting problem.

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Differential Effects of Competence and Morality on Self-Esteem at the Individual and the Collective Level

Social Psychology ◽

10.1027/1864-9335/a000410 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (3) ◽

pp. 183-198

Author(s):

Wiktor Soral ◽

Mirosław Kofta

Keyword(s):

Self Esteem ◽

Differential Effects ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Subject ◽

The Individual

Abstract. The importance of various trait dimensions explaining positive global self-esteem has been the subject of numerous studies. While some have provided support for the importance of agency, others have highlighted the importance of communion. This discrepancy can be explained, if one takes into account that people define and value their self both in individual and in collective terms. Two studies ( N = 367 and N = 263) examined the extent to which competence (an aspect of agency), morality, and sociability (the aspects of communion) promote high self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. In both studies, competence was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the individual level, whereas morality was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the collective level.

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Empirical analysis of trait models at the individual level

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e633912013-137 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

James W. Grice

Keyword(s):

Empirical Analysis ◽

Individual Level ◽

The Individual

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Metonymy in Dance: Ballet Bunheads Take a Cognitive Turn

Dance Research ◽

10.3366/drs.2019.0251 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 18-34

Author(s):

Edward C. Warburton

Keyword(s):

Identity Formation ◽

Cognitive Science ◽

Artistic Development ◽

Individual Level ◽

Figures Of Speech ◽

Self Image ◽

Level I ◽

Dance Educators ◽

The Individual ◽

Metaphor And Metonymy

This essay considers metonymy in dance from the perspective of cognitive science. My goal is to unpack the roles of metaphor and metonymy in dance thought and action: how do they arise, how are they understood, how are they to be explained, and in what ways do they determine a person's doing of dance? The premise of this essay is that language matters at the cultural level and can be determinative at the individual level. I contend that some figures of speech, especially metonymic labels like ‘bunhead’, can not only discourage but dehumanize young dancers, treating them not as subjects who dance but as objects to be danced. The use of metonymy to sort young dancers may undermine the development of healthy self-image, impede strong identity formation, and retard creative-artistic development. The paper concludes with a discussion of the influence of metonymy in dance and implications for dance educators.

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