scholarly journals Contrasting shared- and specific-mechanism accounts of developmental prosopagnosia: A new approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Gerlach ◽  
Tirta Susilo ◽  
Jason J. S. Barton ◽  
Andrea Albonico ◽  
Manuela Malaspina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Collateral Damage ◽  
Specific Mechanism ◽  
Cognitive Neuropsychology ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Unbiased Manner ◽  
The Individual ◽  
General Association

The understanding of developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is dominated by two opposing views: (i) that DP reflects malfunction of a mechanism shared by face and object recognition, but which is more critical for face than for object recognition, or (ii) that DP is due to malfunction of a mechanism specific to faces, but where object recognition deficits may co-occur due to collateral damage. Here we address some of the limitations in DP studies on this point by examining face and car recognition in a large cohort of healthy subjects selected in an unbiased manner. At the group level we find evidence of a general association between face and car recognition performance but at the individual level we also find occasional dissociations. We discuss the methodological implications of these findings for cognitive neuropsychology in general (association vs. dissociation) but also the theoretical implications for the current understanding of DP more specifically.

scholarly journals Machine Learning in Neuroimaging: A New Approach to Understand Acupuncture for Neuroplasticity

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Tao Yin ◽  
Peihong Ma ◽  
Zilei Tian ◽  
Kunnan Xie ◽  
Zhaoxuan He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Acupuncture Research ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

The effects of acupuncture facilitating neural plasticity for treating diseases have been identified by clinical and experimental studies. In the last two decades, the application of neuroimaging techniques in acupuncture research provided visualized evidence for acupuncture promoting neuroplasticity. Recently, the integration of machine learning (ML) and neuroimaging techniques becomes a focus in neuroscience and brings a new and promising approach to understand the facilitation of acupuncture on neuroplasticity at the individual level. This review is aimed at providing an overview of this rapidly growing field by introducing the commonly used ML algorithms in neuroimaging studies briefly and analyzing the characteristics of the acupuncture studies based on ML and neuroimaging, so as to provide references for future research.

scholarly journals Digital Phenotyping in Bipolar Disorder: Which Integration with Clinical Endophenotypes and Biomarkers?

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7684
Author(s):  
Laura Orsolini ◽  
Michele Fiorani ◽  
Umberto Volpe
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Predictive Marker ◽  
Human Phenotype ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Mood Swing ◽  
Digital Phenotyping ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Individual

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a complex neurobiological disorder characterized by a pathologic mood swing. Digital phenotyping, defined as the ‘moment-by-moment quantification of the individual-level human phenotype in its own environment’, represents a new approach aimed at measuring the human behavior and may theoretically enhance clinicians’ capability in early identification, diagnosis, and management of any mental health conditions, including BD. Moreover, a digital phenotyping approach may easily introduce and allow clinicians to perform a more personalized and patient-tailored diagnostic and therapeutic approach, in line with the framework of precision psychiatry. The aim of the present paper is to investigate the role of digital phenotyping in BD. Despite scarce literature published so far, extremely heterogeneous methodological strategies, and limitations, digital phenotyping may represent a grounding research and clinical field in BD, by owning the potentialities to quickly identify, diagnose, longitudinally monitor, and evaluating clinical response and remission to psychotropic drugs. Finally, digital phenotyping might potentially constitute a possible predictive marker for mood disorders.

SYMMETRY AXIS BASED OBJECT RECOGNITION UNDER TRANSLATION, ROTATION AND SCALING

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (01) ◽  
pp. 25-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
MASHUD HYDER ◽  
MD. MONIRUL ISLAM ◽  
M. A. H. AKHAND ◽  
KAZUYUKI MURASE
Keyword(s):  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Object Recognition ◽  
Symmetry Axis ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Invariant Object Recognition ◽  
Different Shapes ◽  
Axis Of Symmetry ◽  
Concentric Circles

This paper presents a new approach, known as symmetry axis based feature extraction and recognition (SAFER), for recognizing objects under translation, rotation and scaling. Unlike most previous invariant object recognition (IOR) systems, SAFER puts emphasis on both simplicity and accuracy of the recognition system. To achieve simplicity, it uses simple formulae for extracting invariant features from an object. The scheme used in feature extraction is based on the axis of symmetry and angles of concentric circles drawn around the object. SAFER divides the extracted features into a number of groups based on their similarity. To improve the recognition performance, SAFER uses a number of neural networks (NNs) instead of single NN are used for training and recognition of extracted features. The new approach, SAFER, has been tested on two of real world problems i.e., English characters with two different fonts and images of different shapes. The experimental results show that SAFER can produce good recognition performance in comparison with other algorithms.

scholarly journals The influence of face masks on emotion recognition and the role of individual differences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah McCrackin ◽  
Francesca Capozzi ◽  
Florence Mayrand ◽  
Jelena Ristic
Keyword(s):  
Social Competence ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Facial Feature ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Face Features ◽  
Upper Face ◽  
The Individual

With widespread adoption of mask wearing, the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic highlighted a need for a deeper understanding of how facial feature obstruction affects emotion recognition. Here we asked participants (n=120) to identify disgusted, angry, sad, neutral, surprised, happy, and fearful emotions from faces with and without masks, and examined if recognition performance was related to their level of social competence and personality traits. Performance was reduced for all masked relative to unmasked emotions. Masks impacted recognition of expressions with diagnostic lower face features the most (disgust, anger) and those with diagnostic upper face features the least (fear, surprise). Recognition performance also varied at the individual level. Persons with higher overall social competence were better at identifying unmasked expressions, while persons with lower trait extraversion and higher trait agreeableness were better at recognizing masked expressions. These results reveal novel insights about the role of face features in emotion recognition and show that obscuring facial features affects social communication differently as a function of individual social competence and personality traits.

scholarly journals The emerging association of canonical finger patterns and quantity-number linkage in early childhood

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Bahnmueller ◽  
Roberta Barrocas ◽  
Korbinian Moeller ◽  
Stephanie Roesch
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Numerical Development ◽  
Numerical Magnitudes ◽  
Repeated Use ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Level Performance

Through repeated use of fingers for counting and representing numerical magnitudes in early childhood, specific finger patterns become associated with mental representations of specific quantities. Although children as young as three years of age already use their fingers for representing numerical quantities, evidence on advantageous recognition of such canonical compared to non-canonical finger patterns as well as its association with numerical skills in young children is scarce. In this study, we investigated the performance of N=101 children aged around four years in canonical vs. non-canonical finger pattern recognition and its concurrent association with skills tapping into children’s’ knowledge about quantity-number linkage. Extending previous findings observed for older children, the present results indicated that despite considerable variability on the individual level performance in canonical finger pattern recognition was better compared to non-canonical finger pattern recognition on the group level. Moreover, both canonical and non-canonical finger pattern recognition was positively correlated with tasks tapping into quantity-number linkage. However, when controlling for verbal counting skills, correlations that remained significant were only found for canonical but not non-canonical finger pattern recognition performance. Overall, these results provide insights into the early onset and significance of the effect of canonicity in finger pattern recognition during early numerical development.

scholarly journals Detecting a Novel Walking-Based Performance Fatigability Marker With Accelerometry in Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 337-337
Author(s):  
Jaroslaw Harezlak ◽  
Robert Boudreau ◽  
Jacek Urbanek ◽  
Kyle Moored ◽  
Jennifer Schrack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Stopping Time ◽  
Penalized Regression ◽  
Accelerometer Data ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Performance Deterioration ◽  
Penalized Regression Splines ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First Time

Abstract Walking-based performance fatigability measures (e.g., lap-time difference) may not adequately capture performance deterioration as self-pacing is a common compensatory strategy in those with low activity tolerance. To overcome this limitation, we developed a new approach with accelerometry (ActiGraph GT3X+, sampling=80 Hz, non-dominant wrist) during fast-paced 400m-walk (N=57, age=78.7±5.7 years, women=53%). Cadence (steps/second) was estimated using raw accelerometer data (R “ADEPT”). Penalized regression splines (R “mgcv”) were used to estimate the individual-level smoothed cadence trajectories. “Time-to-slow-down” was defined as first time-point where the full confidence interval of change in cadence<0. Five participants were censored at stopping time (not slowdown or complete walk). Median “time-to-slow-down” was 1.86 minutes (IQR=0.98-2.73, range=0.57-6.25). Participants with longer “time-to-slow-down” had slower starting cadence, longer 400m-walk time, and greater perceived fatigability (Pittsburgh Fatigability Scale), p’s<0.05 (linear regression). Our preliminary findings revealed that detecting accelerometry-based performance fatigability/deterioration in older adults is feasible and needs to account for initial pace.

A New Approach to Secularisation on the Individual Level

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Lüchau
Keyword(s):  
Significant Decline ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
European Values ◽  
European Values Study ◽  
The Individual

The article tests a novel approach to secularisation, using Denmark as a test case. Secularisation is defined as the declining social significance of religion. Data from all four waves of the European Values Study is used. The analysis shows that there was a significant decline in the social significance of religion in Denmark from 1981 to 2008, even though there was no overall decline in religiosity. This suggests that the analysis of secularisation is improved by using a more precise operationalisation of the concept. It also suggests that secularisation is not necessarily related to declining religiosity.

Populism and Its Causes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk Hawkins ◽  
Madeleine Read ◽  
Teun Pauwels
Keyword(s):  
Political Identity ◽  
Democratic Legitimacy ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Normative Response ◽  
The Individual

Studies of populism increasingly theorize about its causes. Most arguments highlight the rational, material side of populist appeals or their connection to political identity. However, these arguments focus on regional varieties of populism, give little attention to the individual level of voter cognition, and overlook the role of populist ideas. In this chapter, we outline and critique these theories while offering a new approach. This theory builds on the ideational definition championed by other contributors to the Handbook, arguing that populism is a normative response to perceived crises of democratic legitimacy. Populist attitudes are not invented by politicians to fill a gap in the citizens’ psyche, but constitute a pre-existing set of beliefs that can be activated under certain contexts.

Differential Effects of Competence and Morality on Self-Esteem at the Individual and the Collective Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-198
Author(s):  
Wiktor Soral ◽  
Mirosław Kofta
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. The importance of various trait dimensions explaining positive global self-esteem has been the subject of numerous studies. While some have provided support for the importance of agency, others have highlighted the importance of communion. This discrepancy can be explained, if one takes into account that people define and value their self both in individual and in collective terms. Two studies ( N = 367 and N = 263) examined the extent to which competence (an aspect of agency), morality, and sociability (the aspects of communion) promote high self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. In both studies, competence was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the individual level, whereas morality was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the collective level.

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