scholarly journals The Relationship between Infection-Avoidance Tendency and Exclusionary Attitudes towards Foreigners: A Case Study of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Japan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Yamagata ◽  
Tsukasa Teraguchi ◽  
Asako Miura
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Web Survey ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
Avoidance Tendency ◽  
System A ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
The Relationship

Amidst the worldwide outbreak of COVID-19 in January 2020, this study focused on the preventive behaviours against COVID-19 infection and the exclusionary attitude towards foreigners in Japan. Particularly, we examined the effects of individual differences in the infection-avoidance tendency based on the behavioural immune system. A web survey of 1,248 Japanese citizens aged 18 years or above living in Japan who were registrants of a crowdsourcing service indicated that as the threat of the COVID-19 spread increased, there were tendencies for infection-preventive behaviours to increase. In addition, people with a strong infection-avoidance tendency adopted more preventive actions, regardless of whether they were under normal circumstances or the threat of infection, indicating their strong rejective attitudes towards the Chinese and other foreigners under the threat of infection. This study recorded the behavioural and psychological states of people who were in the midst of rapid and unpredictable real-world changes in the early stages of the infection. Data collected in Japan, where the infection had begun earlier, will provide valuable knowledge to countries worldwide where major social changes are expected in the future.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Infection-Avoidance Tendencies and Exclusionary Attitudes toward Foreigners: A Panel Study of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Japan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Yamagata ◽  
Tsukasa Teraguchi ◽  
Asako Miura
Keyword(s):  
Panel Study ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Preventive Behaviors ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Daily Contact ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Relationship

Amidst an outbreak of COVID-19 in January 2020, this study, which based on the behavioral immune system, focused on the preventive behaviors related to COVID-19 infection and Japanese people’s exclusionary attitude toward foreigners, examining the time-series changes associated with the spread of the novel coronavirus in Japan, which was one of the first countries to confirm cases outside China. Also, we examined the effects of individual differences in infection-avoidance tendencies and the frequency of people’s daily contact with foreigners. In late January, mid-February, and early March of 2020, this study conducted a panel survey 1,004 Japanese citizens aged 18 years or above living in Japan, and who had registered with the crowdsourcing service. The results indicated that as the spread of COVID-19 increased, tendencies toward infection-preventive behaviors increased, and exclusionary attitudes toward foreigners became stronger. Similarly, the avoidance response against unfamiliar people, including Japanese strangers increased. No relationship between the increased risk of infection and the Japanese respondents’ exclusionary attitudes toward the Chinese but were more negative than that for other groups. However, it is difficult to conclude that all the reported exclusionary behaviors and attitudes were irrational or excessive false-positive errors. People with strong infection-avoidance tendencies engaged in more preventive actions, regardless of whether they were living under normal circumstances or under threat of infection, and they indicated strong exclusionary attitudes toward foreigners in general and the Chinese specifically under threat of infection. We observed a moderating that the higher the frequency of daily contact with foreigners, the weaker the exclusionary attitudes toward them. This study recorded the behavioral and psychological states of people in Japan during the 40 days preceding the WHO’s 11 March 2020 declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic. The data collected in Japan, where the infection spread widely early on, will provide valuable insights for countries anticipating significant social changes.

scholarly journals Client's immersed and distanced speech and therapist's interventions in emotion-focused therapy for depression: an intensive analysis of a case study

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Bela Couto ◽  
Eunice Barbosa ◽  
Sara Silva ◽  
Tiago Bento ◽  
Ana Sofia Teixeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Clinical Change ◽  
Emotion Focused Therapy ◽  
Client Variables ◽  
Observational Measures ◽  
Helping Skills ◽  
System A ◽  
Therapeutic Dialogue ◽  
The Relationship

Previous laboratory studies have explored the importance of participants adopting an immersed or distanced perspective in the analysis of their experiences. These studies concluded that distancing allows analyzing emotions in a healthier way and immersion leads to higher vulnerability. However, in psychotherapy, the relationship between these perspectives and clinical change has been less investigated. The present study aims to contribute to understanding how these variables evolve during psychotherapy and also to explore the therapist’s contributions to this process. This study analyzes a good-outcome case of emotion-focused therapy for depression through two observational measures of psychotherapy process: the measure of immersed and distanced speech – which identifies client’s adoption of an immersed or distanced stance when talking about their problems – and the helping skills system – which identifies therapist’s interventions focused on exploration, insight or action. Results showed a decrease of immersed speech and an increase of distanced speech along the process, with a higher frequency of exploration skills preceding both types of client’s speech. Finally, the evolution of therapist’s and client’s speech showed a reasonable flexibility of therapeutic dialogue throughout the sessions, in particular due to the evolution of client variables (evidencing a higher diversity of behaviors).

Toxicology and the Immune System: a Perspective

1991 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 445-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kimber
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Comprehensive Account ◽  
System A ◽  
Recent Meeting ◽  
Remedial Work ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of immunology to toxicology has not always been an easy one, and the product of this association, immunotoxicology, has not infrequently been viewed with a certain scepticism by some of those who consider themselves 'classical' toxicologists. A recent meeting of the British Toxicology Society ('Toxicology and the Immune System', New College Oxford, March 21-22, 1991) provided an opportunity for some remedial work toward a wider appreciation of the issues which exercise immunotoxicologists, and the ways in which they are being addressed. It is not the purpose of this short article to provide a comprehensive account of the scientific presentations, but rather to give a perspective, necessarily a personal one, of immunotoxicology in the context of the meeting.

scholarly journals Personality influences the neural responses to viewing facial expressions of emotion

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1571) ◽  
pp. 1684-1701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Calder ◽  
Michael Ewbank ◽  
Luca Passamonti
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
System A ◽  
Amygdala Response ◽  
Correlational Approach ◽  
Facial Expressions Of Emotion ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

Cognitive research has long been aware of the relationship between individual differences in personality and performance on behavioural tasks. However, within the field of cognitive neuroscience, the way in which such differences manifest at a neural level has received relatively little attention. We review recent research addressing the relationship between personality traits and the neural response to viewing facial signals of emotion. In one section, we discuss work demonstrating the relationship between anxiety and the amygdala response to facial signals of threat. A second section considers research showing that individual differences in reward drive (behavioural activation system), a trait linked to aggression, influence the neural responsivity and connectivity between brain regions implicated in aggression when viewing facial signals of anger. Finally, we address recent criticisms of the correlational approach to fMRI analyses and conclude that when used appropriately, analyses examining the relationship between personality and brain activity provide a useful tool for understanding the neural basis of facial expression processing and emotion processing in general.

Cell adhesion and the immune system: a case study using earthworms

1999 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 237-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin L. Cooper ◽  
Andrea Cossarizza ◽  
Ellen Kauschke ◽  
Claudio Franceschi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Immune System ◽  
System A

What if two involving stories contradict each other?

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megumi Komori
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Narrative Text ◽  
Web Survey ◽  
Persuasive Messages ◽  
Narrative Transportation ◽  
Situational Involvement ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This study investigated the relationship between individual differences in narrative transportation and attitude robustness. A total of 840 respondents participated in a web survey. In the first phase of the survey, respondents indicated their attitudes toward social issues after reading supporting or opposing texts with narrative and persuasive messages. After two weeks, the same participants read another text expressing the opposite perspective on the same issue, and again indicated their attitudes. Attitude robustness (i.e., degree of change in attitude between phases) was significantly predicted by transportability and mediated by transportation-related concepts of situational involvement. Additionally, whereas situational involvement with narrative text was predicted by transportability, situational involvement with persuasive text was consistently predicted by self-involvement with the issues. Implications of the findings for narrative transportation and persuasion research and limitations of the study are discussed.

Individual Differences in the Behavioral Immune System and the Emergence of Cultural Systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 174-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russ Clay ◽  
John A. Terrizzi ◽  
Natalie J. Shook
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Behavioral Immune System ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
System A ◽  
Cultural Systems ◽  
Pathogen Prevalence

Cultural variation may be evoked through the interaction between domain-specific psychological mechanisms and environmental conditions (Gangestad, Haselton, & Buss, 2006 ). One such constellation of mechanisms is the behavioral immune system, a cluster of psychological processes evolved to promote disease-avoidance ( Schaller, 2006 ). Previous research demonstrated that higher levels of both historic and contemporary pathogen prevalence are predictive of collectivism across geopolitical regions ( Fincher, Thornhill, Murray, & Schaller, 2008 ). Across two studies, we demonstrate that individual differences in behavioral immune system reactivity (e.g., disgust sensitivity, germ aversion) are associated with variable endorsement of a vertical collectivist cultural orientation and differential value priorities, which are indicative of cultural differences. These findings provide support at an individual level for the proposition of evoked culture.

Pantriadic Wonder

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Lehman
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Film Music ◽  
Lord Of The Rings ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
Temporal Profiles ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter focuses on the wider cultural and psychological ramifications of chromaticism in film music. It is argued that pantriadicism strives for a specific affect: wonderment, and with it two subsidiary psychological states, frisson and awe. Both literary and cognitive/psychological accounts are given for this affect’s connection with harmony, with particular emphasis on the relationship of emotion and musical expectation. Frisson and awe have distinctive temporal profiles, leading to an evaluation of theoretical and empirical work on subjective temporality in connection with chromaticism. The analytical ramifications of this theory of chromatic temporality are examined with respect to a single large-scale case study, Howard Shore’s music for the Lord of the Rings trilogy. In the process, the author finds ways of integrating two traditionally separate analytical approaches: transformational networks and cognitive models of musical expectation.

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