scholarly journals Intertemporal choice reflects value comparison rather than self-control: insights from confidence judgments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Bulley ◽  
Karolina Maria Lempert ◽  
Colin Conwell ◽  
Muireann Irish
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Confidence Judgments ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
The Right ◽  
Intertemporal Decisions ◽  
Intertemporal Choices

Intertemporal decision-making has long been assumed to measure self-control, with prominent theories treating choices of smaller, sooner rewards as failed attempts to override immediate temptation. If this view is correct, people should be more confident in their intertemporal decisions when they “successfully” delay gratification than when they do not. In two pre- registered experiments with built-in replication, adult participants (n=117) made monetary intertemporal choices and rated their confidence in having made the right decisions. Contrary to assumptions of the self-control account, confidence was not higher when participants chose delayed rewards. Rather, participants were more confident in their decisions when possible rewards were further apart in time-discounted subjective value, closer to the present, and larger in magnitude. Demonstrating metacognitive insight, participants were more confident in decisions that better aligned with their independent valuation of possible rewards. Decisions made with less confidence were more prone to changes-of-mind and more susceptible to a patience-enhancing manipulation. Together, our results establish that confidence in intertemporal choice tracks uncertainty in estimating and comparing the value of possible rewards – just as it does in decisions unrelated to self-control. Our findings challenge self- control views and instead cast intertemporal choice as a form of value-based decision-making about future possibilities.

scholarly journals Poverty and Economic Decision-Making: Evidence from Changes in Financial Resources at Payday

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro S. Carvalho ◽  
Stephan Meier ◽  
Stephanie W. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Choice Tasks ◽  
Intertemporal Choices

We study the effect of financial resources on decision-making. Low-income US households are randomly assigned to receive an online survey before or after payday. The survey collects measures of cognitive function and administers risk and intertemporal choice tasks. The study design generates variation in cash, checking and savings balances, and expenditures. Before-payday participants behave as if they are more present-biased when making intertemporal choices about monetary rewards but not when making intertemporal choices about nonmonetary real-effort tasks. Nor do we find before-after differences in risk-taking, the quality of decision-making, the performance in cognitive function tasks, or in heuristic judgments. (JEL C83, D14, D81, D91, I32)

scholarly journals Fulfilling the self through food in wellness blogs: Governing the healthy subject

2021 ◽  
pp. 136754942110557
Author(s):  
Kaisa Tiusanen
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subject ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Personal Journey ◽  
Technologies Of The Self ◽  
The World ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Ideal

In the world of wellness, food and eating are fundamentally important to one’s subjectivity: the self in this sphere is created and maintained through food consumption along a plant-based, ‘wholesome’ and healthy personal journey to well-being. This article focuses on the analysis of wellness food blogs run by women, aiming to map out the technologies of the self through which the ‘ideal wellness subject’ is created. The analysis examines technologies of subjectivity as they aspire towards (1) balance, (2) healing and (3) narrativization of the self. The article suggests that the subjectivities related to wellness culture draw from postfeminist and healthist ideologies and are based on a neoliberal discourse of individuality and self-control. The sociocultural indifference of wellness culture and its prerogative to police the self through culturally hegemonic pursuits based on (the right kind of) consumption makes the language of wellness a prominent neoliberal discourse.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF NUMERACY AND IMPULSIVITY IN INTERTEMPORAL CHOICE AND DECISION MAKING

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 254-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiuqing Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Choice Preference ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Intertemporal Choices

A growing body of research has indicated a relationship between numeracy and decision making and that lower numerate people display more disadvantageous decisions. In the domain of intertemporal choice, researchers have long been using impulsivity to address choice preference. To further illuminate the psychological mechanisms of making intertemporal choices, the present study examined the role of impulsivity and numeracy in intertemporal choice, in the presence of each other. The study adopted both subjective and numeracy scales. These scales correlated with each other and with intertemporal choice preference. Moreover, it was found that after controlling for impulsivity, the object numeracy was significantly associated with choice preference, with higher numerate participants showing a stronger preference toward the later larger gains over the sooner smaller gains. Thus, the study indicated that intertemporal choice preference could be attributed to both impulsivity and numeracy.

scholarly journals A Multi-Criteria Study of Decision-Making Proficiency in Student’s Employability for Multidisciplinary Curriculums

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yueh-Min Huang ◽  
Ming Yuan Hsieh ◽  
Muhammet Usak
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Technology Acceptance ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Interdisciplinary Curriculum ◽  
Actual System ◽  
System Use

To effectively increase the employment rate of higher education graduates, higher education institutions are doing their best to provide the most high-quality technologized interdisciplinary curriculum, to educate professional expertise in decision-making and to fortify student employability. Therefore, after executing a series of evaluated measurements, there are four highly valuable and contributive conclusions and findings. First, judgeability was the most critical decision-making employability factor and was directly influenced by the self-efficacy (SE), self-control (SC) and self-regulation (SR) of the autonomy-learning performance of social learning theory (SLT). Second, the SE of autonomy-learning performance of SLT was positively impacted by the behavioral intention to use and actual system use of the technology acceptance model (TAM), and monitor, control and evaluate decision-making, select the best solutions, clarify the objectiveness to be achieved and search for possible solutions of rational decision-making model (RDMM). It is necessary for higher education graduates to possess judgeability to confidently deal with problem-solving issues by actually using diversified technological applications for clarifying, monitoring, controlling and evaluating the decision-making objectiveness, and to comprehensively search the possible solutions, in order to eventually induce the best solutions for the problem. Third, define and diagnose the issues or problems of the RDMM model affected by the self-control (SC) of autonomy-learning performance of the SLT theory, because higher education graduates have to possess justifiability to define and diagnose the problem-solving issues in-depth, by exercising the introspective self-correcting capacities cultivated from an interdisciplinary curriculum. Lastly, actual system use of the TAM indeed impacted the SR of the autonomy-learning performance of SLT, because higher education graduates have to assess, revise and justify their self-actions in thinking, motivation, feeling, cognition and behaviors, by self-observing and accumulating experience from an interdisciplinary curriculum.

scholarly journals Decision making does not benefit from using a foreign language: Evidence from cognitive reflection effects on intertemporal choice.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Bialek ◽  
Artur Domurat ◽  
Mariola Paruzel-Czachura ◽  
Rafal Muda
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Discount Rates ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Intertemporal Choices

Intertemporal choice requires to decide between smaller sooner and larger later payoffs, and is captured by discount rates. Across two preregistered experiments we found no evidence that using a foreign language benefitted intertemporal choices. On the contrary, there was some evidence of stronger discounting when a foreign language was used. Our results confirm that more reflective individuals tend to discount less strongly, and their intertemporal choices are also more consistent across different reference points and perspectives. In turn, this allows for greater consistency in long-term planning, benefitting a decision maker. Thinking in a foreign language did not affect such consistency, and may actually have negative effects for reflective people. Finally, although our findings hint that the benefits of cognitive reflection may be reduced when using a foreign language. This raises the questions as to why and how using a foreign language helps only some individuals, and in some decisions.

scholarly journals Motor response vigour and fixations reflect subjective preferences during intertemporal choice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke Smith ◽  
Jan Peters
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Magnitude Effect ◽  
Drift Diffusion Model ◽  
Drift Diffusion ◽  
Value Differences ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Subjective Utility

Value-based decision-making is of central interest in cognitive neuroscience and psychology, as well as in the context of neuropsychiatric disorders characterised by decision-making impairments. Studies examining (neuro-)computational mechanisms underlying choice behaviour typically focus on participants' decisions. However, there is increasing evidence that option valuation might also be reflected in motor response vigour and eye movements, implicit measures of subjective utility. To examine motor response vigour and visual fixation correlates of option valuation in intertemporal choice, we set up a task where the participants selected an option by pressing a grip force transducer, simultaneously tracking fixation shifts between options. As outlined in our preregistration (https://osf.io/k6jct), we used hierarchical Bayesian parameter estimation to model the choices assuming hyperbolic discounting, compared variants of the softmax and drift diffusion model, and assessed the relationship between response vigour and the estimated model parameters. The behavioural data were best explained by a drift diffusion model specifying a non-linear scaling of the drift rate by the subjective value differences. Replicating previous findings (Green et al., 1997; Wagner et al., 2020a), we found a magnitude effect for temporal discounting, such that higher rewards were discounted less. This magnitude effect was further reflected in response vigour, such that stronger forces were exerted in the high vs. the low magnitude condition. Bayesian hierarchical linear regression further revealed higher grip forces, faster response times and a lower number of fixation shifts for trials with higher subjective value differences. Our data suggest that subjective utility or implicit valuation is reflected in response vigour during intertemporal choice. Taking into account response vigour might thus provide deeper insight into decision-making, reward valuation and maladaptive changes in these processes, e.g. in the context of neuropsychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals The Decimal Effect: Behavioral and Neural Bases for a Novel Influence on Intertemporal Choice in Healthy Individuals and in ADHD

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 2455-2468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Fassbender ◽  
Sebastien Houde ◽  
Shayla Silver-Balbus ◽  
Kacey Ballard ◽  
Bokyung Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Behavioral Effect ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Intertemporal Preferences ◽  
Reward Bias ◽  
Deliberative Processes ◽  
Intertemporal Choices

We identify a novel contextual variable that alters the evaluation of delayed rewards in healthy participants and those diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). When intertemporal choices are constructed of monetary outcomes with rounded values (e.g., $25.00), discount rates are greater than when the rewards have nonzero decimal values (e.g., $25.12). This finding is well explained within a dual system framework for temporal discounting in which preferences are constructed from separate affective and deliberative processes. Specifically, we find that round dollar values produce greater positive affect than do nonzero decimal values. This suggests that relative involvement of affective processes may underlie our observed difference in intertemporal preferences. Furthermore, we demonstrate that intertemporal choices with rounded values recruit greater brain responses in the nucleus accumbens to a degree that correlates with the size of the behavioral effect across participants. Our demonstration that a simple contextual manipulation can alter self-control in ADHD has implications for treatment of individuals with disorders of impulsivity. Overall, the decimal effect highlights mechanisms by which the properties of a reward bias perceived value and consequent preferences.

scholarly journals Learning Strategies Focused on Decision Making and Collaboration on Physical Education

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 7924 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.ª Alejandra Ávalos-Ramos ◽  
M.ª Ángeles Martínez Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Reflective Journals ◽  
Assessment Tasks ◽  
Support Autonomy ◽  
Motivation And Confidence

This research analyzes the voices of university students of sport sciences during the implementation of strategies to support autonomy and collaboration in gymnastic learning, from the perspectives of self-determination, self-control, and self-regulation. The methodology is qualitative and the self-reflective journals with their narrative are the tool to collect information. The strategy is well appreciated both in terms of the structure of the work plan and in the guidance of the tasks. The evolution of motivation, autonomy, collaboration, and achievements is highly valued throughout the process. However, the final assessment, despite having little effect on the grade, produces pressure and anxiety in students, so that self-control decreases, action is impaired, and the motivation achieved in the learning process is distorted. Further studies are needed to design coping strategies to help students maintain their motivation and confidence and to decrease students’ resistance to assessment tasks.

Reference point-dependent tradeoffs in intertemporal decision making

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 663-664
Author(s):  
X. T. Wang ◽  
Jeffrey S. Simons
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Alternative Framework ◽  
Intertemporal Choices

We agree with Ainslie's general approach to intertemporal choices and self-control. However, we argue that a concept of “will” is superfluous in explaining tradeoffs between SS (smaller and sooner) and LL (larger and later) rewards in a framework of temporal goal setting and goal aggregation. We provide an alternative framework of reference point-dependent tradeoffs between SS and LL options.

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