scholarly journals Age and Support for Public Debt Reduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessia Aspide ◽  
Kathleen Brown ◽  
Matthew DiGiuseppe ◽  
Alexander Slaski
Keyword(s):  
Government Debt ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Fiscal Rules ◽  
National Debt ◽  
Debt Accumulation ◽  
Dependency Ratios ◽  
Aging Populations ◽  
Policy Priority ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Old Age Benefits

Many scholars and policymakers see the continuing rise of debt burdens in the advanced industrialized world as the product of aging populations and increasing dependency ratios. In fact, many prominent theoretical models of government debt accumulation -- often used to justify fiscal rules and austerity measures -- make explicit assumptions that individuals will have different preferences for debt reduction as they age. While such models have been influential, the fundamental assumption regarding the relationship between age and preferences for growing debt has not been test empirically. Using a decade's worth of data from the Eurobarometer survey across 33 countries, we find that age has a modest, non-linear impact on concern for national debt burdens. In general, the middle-aged show the most concern for debt reduction, while the young and the old are less likely to view reducing government debt as a policy priority. Notably, the relationship is strongest in countries with more generous old-age benefits.

scholarly journals Governance and government debt

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 34-49
Author(s):  
João Imaginário ◽  
Maria João Guedes
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Government Debt ◽  
Fiscal Sustainability ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Debt Accumulation ◽  
Governance Environment ◽  
Governance Quality ◽  
The Relationship

The continuous increase in debt ratios raises concerns in economic institutions concerning fiscal sustainability and its effect on the world economy. The empirical evidence has shown that both developed and developing countries have become highly indebted and fiscal deficits are not sustainable (Afonso, 2005) As such, the quality of institutions has an important role in debt accumulation (Presbitero, 2008) and fiscal stance is closely related to government institution quality as well as political and social stability (Woo, 2003). However, little attention has been devoted to the relationship between governance quality and government debt. This study examines whether the quality of governance relates to government debt. Using a sample of 164 countries for the period between 2002 and 2015, our results show that governance quality is negatively and statistically related to government debt. For low income countries evidence was found that a better governance environment is associated with lower public debt levels for low income countries, but not for high-income countries.

scholarly journals Rising Government Debt: Causes and Solutions for a Decades-Old Trend

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Yared
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Government Debt ◽  
Time Inconsistency ◽  
Fiscal Rules ◽  
Political Polarization ◽  
Macroeconomic Shocks ◽  
Debt Accumulation ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
Electoral Uncertainty

Over the past four decades, government debt as a fraction of GDP has been on an upward trajectory in advanced economies, approaching levels not reached since World War II. While normative macroeconomic theories can explain the increase in the level of debt in certain periods as a response to macroeconomic shocks, they cannot explain the broad-based long-run trend in debt accumulation. In contrast, political economy theories can explain the long-run trend as resulting from an aging population, rising political polarization, and rising electoral uncertainty across advanced economies. These theories emphasize the time-inconsistency in government policymaking, and thus the need for fiscal rules that restrict policymakers. Fiscal rules trade off commitment to not overspend and flexibility to react to shocks. This tradeoff guides design features of optimal rules, such as information dependence, enforcement, cross-country coordination, escape clauses, and instrument versus target criteria.

An Ethos of Inclusion for Global Nursing Practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
Michele J. Upvall
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Practice ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Codes Of Ethics ◽  
The Relationship

The Year of the Nurse and Midwife, 2020, is an opportunity for global nurses to realize the ethos of inclusion for transformative global nursing partnerships. Including all partners in developing and maintaining the relationship provides the foundation for bidirectionality whereby all partners learn and grow personally and professionally from each other. Guidelines, theoretical models, and Codes of Ethics are suggested for applying an ethos of inclusion in all global nursing partnerships.

scholarly journals Which hand is mine? Discriminating body ownership perception in a two-alternative forced choice task

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Chancel ◽  
H. Henrik Ehrsson
Keyword(s):  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Body Ownership ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Forced Choice Task ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Spatial Congruence ◽  
Perception Action

The experience of one’s body as one’s own is referred to as the sense of body ownership. This central part of human conscious experience determines the boundary between the self and the external environment, a crucial distinction in perception, action, and cognition. Although body ownership is known to involve the integration of signals from multiple sensory modalities, including vision, touch and proprioception, little is known about the principles that determine this integration process, and the relationship between body ownership and perception is unclear. These uncertainties stem from the lack of a sensitive and rigorous method to quantify body ownership. Here, we describe a two-alternative forced choice discrimination task that allows precise and direct measurement of body ownership as participants decide which of two rubber hands feels more like their own in a version of the rubber hand illusion. In two experiments, we show that the temporal and spatial congruence principles of multisensory stimulation, which determine ownership discrimination, impose tighter constraints than previously thought and that texture congruence constitutes an additional principle; these findings are compatible with theoretical models of multisensory integration. Taken together, our results suggest that body ownership constitutes a genuine perceptual multisensory phenomenon that can be quantified with psychophysics in discrimination experiments.

scholarly journals CD8 coreceptor-mediated focusing can reorder the agonist hierarchy of peptide ligands recognized via the T cell receptor

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathew Clement ◽  
Lea Knezevic ◽  
Tamsin Dockree ◽  
James E. McLaren ◽  
Kristin Ladell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Receptor ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Dissociation Rate ◽  
Peptide Ligands ◽  
Controlled System ◽  
Peptide Antigens ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTCD8+ T cells are inherently cross-reactive and recognize numerous peptide antigens in the context of a given major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) molecule via the clonotypically expressed T cell receptor (TCR). The lineally expressed coreceptor CD8 interacts coordinately with MHCI at a distinct and largely invariant site to slow the TCR/peptide-MHCI (pMHCI) dissociation rate and enhance antigen sensitivity. However, this biological effect is not necessarily uniform, and theoretical models suggest that antigen sensitivity can be modulated in a differential manner by CD8. We used an intrinsically controlled system to determine how the relationship between the TCR/pMHCI interaction and the pMHCI/CD8 interaction affects the functional sensitivity of antigen recognition. Our data show that modulation of the pMHCI/CD8 interaction can reorder the agonist hierarchy of peptide ligands across a spectrum of affinities for the TCR.SIGNIFICANCESufficient immune coverage of the peptide universe within a finite host requires highly degenerate T cell receptors (TCRs). However, this inherent need for antigen cross-recognition is associated with a high risk of autoimmunity, which can only be mitigated by a process of adaptable specificity. We describe a mechanism that resolves this conundrum by allowing individual clonotypes to focus on specific peptide ligands without alterations to the structure of the TCR.

scholarly journals Do Stress Trajectories Predict Mortality in Older Men? Longitudinal Findings from the VA Normative Aging Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn M. Aldwin ◽  
Nuoo-Ting Molitor ◽  
Avron Spiro ◽  
Michael R. Levenson ◽  
John Molitor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allostatic Load ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Growth Mixture Model ◽  
Growth Mixture ◽  
Aging Study ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Relationship

We examined long-term patterns of stressful life events (SLE) and their impact on mortality contrasting two theoretical models: allostatic load (linear relationship) and hormesis (inverted U relationship) in 1443 NAS men (aged 41–87 in 1985;M= 60.30, SD = 7.3) with at least two reports of SLEs over 18 years (total observations = 7,634). Using a zero-inflated Poisson growth mixture model, we identified four patterns of SLE trajectories, three showing linear decreases over time with low, medium, and high intercepts, respectively, and one an inverted U, peaking at age 70. Repeating the analysis omitting two health-related SLEs yielded only the first three linear patterns. Compared to the low-stress group, both the moderate and the high-stress groups showed excess mortality, controlling for demographics and health behavior habits, HRs = 1.42 and 1.37,ps<.01and<.05. The relationship between stress trajectories and mortality was complex and not easily explained by either theoretical model.

The Motive to Borrow

2019 ◽  
pp. 102-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Fatás ◽  
Atish R. Ghosh ◽  
Ugo Panizza ◽  
Andrea F. Presbitero
Keyword(s):  
Asset Management ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Fiscal Rules ◽  
Output Volatility ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Fiscal Stimulus ◽  
Debt Accumulation ◽  
Strategic Manipulation ◽  
Tax Smoothing

Governments issue debt for good and bad reasons. While the good reasons—intertemporal tax smoothing, fiscal stimulus, and asset management—can explain some of the increases in public debt observed in recent years, they cannot account for all of the observed changes. Bad reasons for borrowing are driven by political failures associated with intergenerational transfers, strategic manipulation, and common pool problems. These political failures are a major cause of overborrowing and budgetary institutions and fiscal rules can play a role in mitigating the tendency to overborrow. While it is difficult to establish a clear causal link from high public debt to low growth, it is likely that some countries might be paying a price in terms of lower growth and greater output volatility because of excessive debt accumulation.

Reading Ngũgĩ Reading Conrad

2018 ◽  
pp. 55-80
Author(s):  
Mark Wollaeger
Keyword(s):  
Joseph Conrad ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Ngugi Wa Thiong'o ◽  
Postcolonial Criticism ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Center Periphery

This chapter considers points of intersection between Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o and Joseph Conrad. By Ngũgĩ’s own account, his rewriting of Conrad’s Under Western Eyes (1911) as A Grain of Wheat (1967) triggered a crisis of audience that ultimately led him to abandon English for his native Gikuyu. To further complicate the question of influence, Wollaeger also examines the relationship between two works of nonfiction: Conrad’s A Personal Record (1912) and Ngũgĩ’s Decolonizing the Mind (1986). At the heart of Ngũgĩ’s attempt to fashion premodern tribalism into a utopian space are two problems that still animate critical discussion. What is the status of the local and the indigenous? Does attention to influence reinstate a center-periphery model in postcolonial criticism? This chapter shows the extent to which Conrad and Ngũgĩ both anticipate and generate theoretical models later used to articulate modernism and postcolonialism as fields of inquiry.

scholarly journals Examining the radius valley: a machine-learning approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 487 (4) ◽  
pp. 5062-5069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariah G MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Kernel Density ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Negative Slope ◽  
Density Estimator ◽  
Learning Approach ◽  
Clustering Methods ◽  
Machine Learning Approach ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Larger Sample

ABSTRACT The ‘radius valley’ is a relative dearth of planets between two potential populations of exoplanets, super-Earths and mini-Neptunes. This feature appears in examining the distribution of planetary radii, but has only ever been characterized on small samples. The valley could be a result of photoevaporation, which has been predicted in numerous theoretical models, or a result of other processes. Here, we investigate the relationship between planetary radius and orbital period through two-dimensional kernel density estimator and various clustering methods, using all known super-Earths (R &lt; 4.0RE). With our larger sample, we confirm the radius valley and characterize it as a power law. Using a variety of methods, we find a range of slopes that are consistent with each other and distinctly negative. We average over these results and find the slope to be $m=-0.319^{+0.088}_{-0.116}$. We repeat our analysis on samples from previous studies. For all methods we use, the resulting line has a negative slope, which is consistent with models of photoevaporation and core-powered mass-loss but inconsistent with planets forming in a gas-poor disc

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