Structural Racism and the Transition to Adulthood of Black and White Brazilians

2021 ◽  
pp. 83-100
Author(s):  
Luciana Dutra-Thomé ◽  
Jeanice da Cunha Ozorio ◽  
Anderson Siqueira Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Black And White

scholarly journals Quantifying the contribution of occupational segregation to racial disparities in health: A gap-closing perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Lundberg
Keyword(s):  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Occupational Segregation ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Causal Assumptions ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
White Workers ◽  
Racial Disparities In Health ◽  
Population Disparity ◽  
Gap Closing

Racism causes racial disparities in health, and structural racism has many components. Focusing on one of those components, this paper addresses occupational segregation. I document high onset of work-limiting disabilities in occupations where many workers identify as non-Hispanic Black or as Hispanic. I then pivot to a causal question. Suppose we took a sample from the population and reassigned their occupations to be a function of education alone. To what degree would health disparities narrow for that sample? Using observational data, I estimate that the disparity between non-Hispanic Black and white workers would narrow by one-third. This estimate is credible because of adjustment for lagged measures of demographics, human capital, and health carried out under transparent causal assumptions. The result contributes to understanding about inequality and health by quantifying the contribution of occupational segregation to a disparity: if we took a sample and reassigned occupations, the disparity would narrow but would not disappear. The paper contributes to methodology by illustrating an approach to macro-level claims (how segregation affects a population disparity) that draws on explicitly causal micro-level analyses (potential outcomes for individuals) for which data are abundant.

scholarly journals An analysis of the intersections between race and class in representations of Black and white gay men in QueerLife

Image & Text ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kudzaiishe Peter Vanyoro
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Gay Men ◽  
Gay Identity ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Shape Representations ◽  
Race And Class ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Middle Class ◽  
Black Bodies ◽  
Gay Identities

ABSTRACT This article seeks to critically analyse how intersections of race and class shape representations of Black and white gay men in QueerLife, a South African online magazine. It focuses on QueerLife's '4men' section and how its content represents classed and raced gay identities. My argument is that QueerLife forwards racialised and classed representations of the gay lifestyle, which reinforce homonormalisation within what is known as the "Pink Economy". Using Critical Diversity Literacy (CDL) to read the underlying meanings in texts and images, the article concludes that QueerLife is complicit in the construction of gay identity categories that seek to appeal to urban, white, middle-class gay-identifying communities in South Africa. The article also demonstrates how, when Black bodies are represented in QueerLife, exceptionalism mediates their visibility in this online magazine. Overall, the findings demonstrate how Black and white gay bodies are mediated online and how their different racial visibilities are negotiated within the system of structural racism. Keywords: Class, gayness, Pink Economy, QueerLife, representation, racism.

scholarly journals Black-White Differences in Pregnancy Desire During the Transition to Adulthood

Demography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 603-630
Author(s):  
Jennifer S. Barber ◽  
Karen Benjamin Guzzo ◽  
Jamie Budnick ◽  
Yasamin Kusunoki ◽  
Sarah R. Hayford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Young Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
Race Differences ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Future Pregnancy ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract This article explores race differences in the desire to avoid pregnancy or become pregnant using survey data from a random sample of 914 young women (ages 18–22) living in a Michigan county and semi-structured interviews with a subsample of 60 of the women. In the survey data, desire for pregnancy, indifference, and ambivalence are very rare but are more prevalent among Black women than White women. In the semi-structured interviews, although few women described fatalistic beliefs or lack of planning for future pregnancies, Black and White women did so equally often. Women more often described fatalistic beliefs and lack of planning when retrospectively describing their past than when prospectively describing their future. Using the survey data to compare prospective desires for a future pregnancy with women's recollections of those desires after they conceived, more Black women shifted positive than shifted negative, and Black women were more likely to shift positive than White women—that is, Black women do not differentially retrospectively overreport prospectively desired pregnancies as having been undesired before conception. Young women's consistent (over repeated interviews) prospective expression of strong desire to avoid pregnancy and correspondingly weak desire for pregnancy, along with the similarity of Black and White women's pregnancy plans, lead us to conclude that a “planning paradigm”—in which young women are encouraged and supported in implementing their pregnancy desires—is probably appropriate for the vast majority of young women and, most importantly, is similarly appropriate for Black and White young women.

scholarly journals Historical redlining and contemporary racial disparities in neighborhood life expectancy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Graetz ◽  
Michael Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Political Economies ◽  
Professional Class ◽  
Racialized Violence

While evidence suggests a durable association between redlining and population health, we lack an empirical account of how this historical act of racialized violence produced contemporary inequities. In this paper, we use a mediation framework to evaluate how redlining grades influenced later life expectancy and the degree to which contemporary racialized disparities in life expectancy between Black working-class neighborhoods and white professional-class neighborhoods can be explained by past HOLC mapping. Life expectancy gaps between differently graded tracts are driven by urban renewal, economic isolation, and property valuation that developed within these areas in subsequent decades. Still, only a small fraction of the total disparity between contemporary Black and white neighborhoods is predicted by HOLC grades. We discuss the role of these maps in analyses of structural racism, positioning them as only one feature of the larger public-private project of conflating race with financial risk. Policy implications include targeting resources to formerly redlined neighborhoods, but also dismantling broader racist logics of capital accumulation codified in more abstracted political economies of place.

scholarly journals Testing the Association Between Traditional and Novel Indicators of County-Level Structural Racism and Birth Outcomes among Black and White Women

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 966-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany D. Chambers ◽  
Jennifer Toller Erausquin ◽  
Amanda E. Tanner ◽  
Tracy R. Nichols ◽  
Shelly Brown-Jeffy
Keyword(s):  
Birth Outcomes ◽  
White Women ◽  
County Level ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Black And White

scholarly journals Allies Welcomed to Advance Racial Equity (AWARE) Faculty Seminar Series: Program Design and Implementation

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 238212052110349
Author(s):  
Brownsyne Tucker Edmonds ◽  
Chemen Neal ◽  
Anthony Shanks ◽  
Nicole Scott ◽  
Sharon Robertson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Labor ◽  
Faculty Of Color ◽  
Racial Equity ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
White Faculty ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Seminar Series ◽  
Departmental Climate ◽  
Group Sharing

Introduction: In the wake of George Floyd’s murder, White faculty in our department began to express the desire to gain a greater understanding of structural racism and racial inequity. To facilitate this learning, support allyship, and mitigate the emotional labor and taxation that frequently falls on faculty of color to respond to these appeals, we developed AWARE (Allies Welcomed to Advance Racial Equity), a faculty seminar series primarily designed for and led by a majority White faculty to tackle the topics of structural racism, Whiteness, and Anti-racist action. Methods: We developed a 6-session seminar series, identifying 5 White faculty as lecturers and a cadre of Black and White volunteer facilitators, to lead 60-minute sessions comprised of lecture, facilitated small group reflection, and large group sharing, that reviewed key topics/texts on structural racism, Whiteness, and Anti-racism. Results: Attendance ranged from 26 to 37 participants at each session. About 80% of faculty participated in at least 1 session of the program. The majority of participants (85%) felt “more empowered to influence their current environment to be more inclusive of others” and were “better equipped to advocate for themselves or others.” Most (81%) felt “more connected to their colleagues following completion of the program.” Ultimately, faculty thought highly of the program upon completion with 26/27 (96%) stating they would recommend the program to a colleague. Discussion: We offer a reproducible model to improve departmental climate by engaging in the shared labor of educating our colleagues and communities about structural racism, Whiteness, and Anti-racism to create a point of entry into reflection, dialogue, and deliberate actions for change.

scholarly journals The Pursuit of Happiness: A Calculation of the Hidden Costs of Being Black in the 21st Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 003464462110558
Author(s):  
Joaquin Alfredo Angel Rubalcaba ◽  
Candis Watts Smith
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance ◽  
Risk Factor Surveillance ◽  
Hidden Cost

There is no shortage of evidence documenting glaring disparities on important socioeconomic and health indicators between White and Black Americans. Persistent racial disparities are the consequence of a historic system of structural racism. Given ongoing inequities in nearly every realm of American life, we aim to calculate the contemporary cost of racial inequity. We contribute to a growing body of literature concerning the “hidden cost” of being Black by employing a novel methodological approach and centering a paradigm of intersectionality ( Crenshaw, 1991 ; Shapiro, 2004 ). Specifically, we account for the disparities in health and income between Blacks and Whites by using the compensating and equivalent surplus frameworks to calculate willingness to accept (WTA) and willingness to pay (WTP) estimates. We estimate the WTP to avoid the disparity in health, income, and wellbeing between Black and White Americans, to be between approximately $38,000 and $45,000 per year per person using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System as well as the General Social Survey, respectively. These estimates can be interpreted as the annual willingness to pay by an average White person to avoid the disparities in income and health experienced by the average Black person.

Abstract 65: Exercise Mitigates Chronic Stress Effects on BMI Trajectories in Girls Aged 10 to 19: Longitudinal Findings from the NHLBI Growth and Health Study.

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli Puterman ◽  
Aric A Prather ◽  
Elissa E Epel ◽  
Sheila Loharuka ◽  
Nancy E Adler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Pubertal Timing ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Childhood Physical Activity ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction: Obesity is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease. Adolescence is a period when behavior changes consolidate, setting a trajectory towards obesity. Both poor health behaviors and psychological stress promote obesity. Studies have shown that ongoing stress is related to weight gain while maintaining physical activity mitigates obesity in children as they transition to adulthood. We hypothesized that during childhood, physical activity maintenance would moderate the relationship between chronic stress and BMI increase. Methods: The NHLBI Growth and Health Study enrolled 2,379 Black and White girls aged 9-10 and assessed them annually over ten years. Perceived Stress was measured in years 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 with the well-validated Perceived Stress Scale, simplified for use in children. The Physical Activity Patterns Questionnaire assessed duration and frequency of activities in and out of school at years 1, 3, 5, and 7-10. Body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) was available all years. Covariates included pubertal timing, race, parental income and education, and nutrient intake. Repeated measurement allows prediction of trajectories of BMI with growth curve modeling, i.e. rate of BMI change over time. Results: On average, baseline BMI was 20.79 and increased 0.63 BMI units/year. Yet, BMI increase varied significantly as a function of stress and physical activity (p = .005). Even when reporting high stress, girls who maintained activity had lower BMI growth than girls who were fairly inactive between ages 10 and 19. An average of two units less in BMI was seen at age 19 in those highly stressed yet active versus highly stressed and less active - a likely clinically significant difference, as the girls in the latter category neared 30 kg/m2 (see Figure). The slowest increase in BMI between ages 10 and 19 was evidenced in girls more active and lower in stress. Conclusion: This study adds to a converging literature showing that physical activity is a modifiable behavior that can limit the harmful health effects of ongoing stress.

scholarly journals Structural Racism is Associated with Assisted Living Location

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 1056-1056
Author(s):  
Lindsey Smith ◽  
Paula Carder ◽  
Kali Thomas ◽  
Robin Baker ◽  
Neal Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Living ◽  
Interaction Coefficient ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Opportunity Gap ◽  
White People ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Bivariate Regression ◽  
Living Being

Abstract Our objective was to measure the association between structural racism, a previously unmeasured but theoretically causal factor, and assisted living communities (ALCs) location as fewer ALCs are located in counties with a greater percentage of the population reported as Black (PPB). We used a recently developed measure of structural racism—the racial opportunity gap (ROG), which compares the economic mobility of Black and White people who grew up in the same area with parents who had similar incomes. We estimated a multilevel mixed-effects bivariate regression model to examine the factors contributing to the presence of ALC. We relied on state and county random effects. The likelihood of an assisted living being located in a census tract in 2019 was significantly positively associated with the percent of the population over the age of 65 (OR=150.1573, p=<0.001), the PPB (OR=2.9916, p=0.004), and higher median incomes (OR=1.0, p=<0.001). In contrast, rurality (OR=0.5656, p=<0.001), unemployment rates (OR=0.0288, p=<0.001), and census tracts that have a high PPB in addition to a high county ROG (OR=.0058, p=0.0137) are all associated with a lesser likelihood of an ALC. The interaction coefficient between the ROG and PPB reverses the previously documented negative association between the PPB and ALC presence. This result empirically supports the premise that structural racism, not population race alone, is a negative determinant of where an ALC is located within a county.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document