scholarly journals Criminal Justice Involvement, Transition to Fatherhood, and the Demographic Foundation of the Intergenerational Transmission of Crime

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Fallesen
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Criminal History ◽  
Criminal Justice Involvement ◽  
Differential Probability ◽  
History Of ◽  
Transition To Fatherhood

Most analyses of the intergenerational transmission of criminal justice contacts compare outcomes of the second generation to the criminal history of the first generation. Such analyses ignore potential differential fertility and family formation processes and exclude childless individuals. Ignoring the demographic process underlying transmission introduces selection bias into estimates of the intergenerational transmission of criminal justice contacts insofar as the first generation’s criminal history affects family formation and the probability of parenthood. In this study, we use a cohort of all Danish men born 1965-1973 including complete fertility information and criminal justice history to account for bias caused by differential selection into fatherhood across criminal histories. We demonstrate that seriousness of criminal justice involvement is associated with earlier transition to fatherhood but ultimately higher levels of childlessness. Criminal activity prior to the onset of transition to fatherhood predicts ultimate childlessness. Conditioned on becoming a father, men with criminal justice histories have a similar number of children as men without a history of criminal justice contacts. Ultimately, the findings suggest that existing estimates of the intergenerational transmission of criminal justice contacts are overestimated when considered at the population level due to differential probability of ever becoming a father.

A-108 Psychological and Sociodemographic Challenges, but Not History of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Is Associated with Criminal Justice Involvement among Veterans and Service Members

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1157-1157
Author(s):  
Becky Gius ◽  
Lauren F Fournier ◽  
Tea Reljic ◽  
Terri Pogoda ◽  
John Corrigan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Ptsd Symptoms ◽  
Criminal Justice Involvement ◽  
Lifetime History ◽  
History Of

Abstract Objective Examine factors associated with history of arrests and felony incarceration among Veterans and Service Members (V/SM) with combat exposure. Method Participants were V/SM who completed a baseline assessment for the multicenter Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium study (N = 1555). Most were male (87%), white (72%), with a mean age of 40 years (SD = 9.71). The majority (83%) reported a history of ≥1 mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), with thirty-five present of those experiencing 3+ mTBIs. Results Three groups were composed based on self-reported level of involvement with the criminal justice system: 1.) No history of arrests or incarcerations (65%), 2.) A lifetime history of arrest but no felony incarceration (32%), and 3.) A lifetime history of felony incarceration (3%). Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis H tests revealed statistically significant differences between the groups in demographic factors including the incarcerated group having younger age, greater percentage of men, lower education, and greater percentage of never being married, followed by the arrest group and then the no arrest group (all p < 0.05). The incarcerated group also had the highest level of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, lowest social support, and greatest percentage of hazardous alcohol consumption, followed by the arrest and then the no arrest groups (all p < 0.05). No differences were found between groups for mTBI history or neuropsychological testing results. Conclusions Correlates of legal involvement among V/SM span demographic and psychological dimensions. Some correlates are modifiable, including social support, PTSD symptoms, and alcohol consumption. Addressing these modifiable risk factors is critical to lower the risk of future criminal justice involvement.

A Brief History of the Underworld and Organized Crime, c. 1750–1950

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Shore
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
North American ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Criminal Organization ◽  
Street Gangs ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
History Of

This chapter explores the evolution of concepts and definitions relating to criminal organization since 1750. Terms such as the “underworld,” “organized crime,” and “professional crime” have increasingly become part of the criminal justice lexicon in the modern period. However, while there has been a strong tradition of criminological and sociological investigation into the structures and hierarchies of syndicated crime and street gangs in the first half of the twentieth century, much of this work has been dominated and implicitly shaped by North American contexts. The hidden nature of such criminal activity means that most attention has been paid to those offenders whose recidivism and notoriety brought them into public disrepute. Thus, historians’ investigations into organized crime have been characteristically limited. This chapter provides a broader overview of the historical chronologies and geographies of the “underworld” and explores the key historical studies into the organization of crime in the modern period.

The Intergenerational Transmission of Criminal Justice Contact

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Wildeman
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Criminal Justice Contact ◽  
Critical Overview ◽  
Crime And Criminal Justice

This article provides a critical overview in five stages of roughly 50 years of research on the intergenerational transmission of criminal justice contact. In the first stage, I document that research on the intergenerational transmission of crime and criminal justice contact focused primarily on crime until the mid-1990s, at which point research rapidly shifted in the direction of criminal justice contact (specifically, incarceration). In the second stage, I document that research on the intergenerational transmission of crime and the intergenerational transmission of criminal justice contact tended to use the same measures—i.e., self-reported and administrative indicators of criminal justice contact with minimal information on criminal activity—but discussed them in different ways. In the third stage, I review research on the broader effects of incarceration to highlight mechanisms through which parental criminal justice contact may independently influence children's criminal activity. In the fourth stage, I review research on the intergenerational transmission of criminal justice contact. In the final stage, I conclude by calling for new data collection efforts that provide high-quality measures of both crime and criminal justice contact of both parents and children.

Disease Progression and Characteristics of HIV-infected Women With and Without a History of Criminal Justice Involvement

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2644-2653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eren Youmans ◽  
James Burch ◽  
Robert Moran ◽  
Lillian Smith ◽  
Wayne A. Duffus
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Criminal Justice Involvement ◽  
History Of

Household Incarceration and Salient Emerging Adult Role Transitions: Findings From an Urban Sample of Hispanic Youth

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myriam Forster ◽  
Laurel Davis ◽  
Rebecca Shlafer ◽  
Jennifer B. Unger
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Postsecondary Education ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Longitudinal Impact ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Urban Sample ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Life Course

In California, Hispanic children are 2.5 times as likely to have a family member in prison than their non-Hispanic White peers. Despite these ethnic disparities, few studies have examined the longitudinal impact of household incarceration on age-salient developmental transitions among Hispanic emerging adults. Using a matching method to control for demographic and psychosocial factors, we investigated whether emerging adults who were raised in families with an incarcerated adult experienced labor force participation, family formation, education, and criminal justice involvement differently than their peers without a history of family incarceration. Participants who had a history of household incarceration and who interacted with the criminal justice system themselves had significantly different transition experiences than their peers (higher odds of past year job loss, cohabitation, and having a child by age 20, and lower odds of pursuing a postsecondary education) and may be at increased risk of systematic disadvantage over the life course.

scholarly journals Exploring how employment schemes for young offenders aid desistance from crime

2020 ◽  
pp. 026455051990023
Author(s):  
Rebecca Jayne Oswald
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Young People ◽  
Work Group ◽  
Young Offenders ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Criminal Justice Involvement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Desistance From Crime

Criminological literature investigating the association between employment and desistance presents largely mixed findings. This article uses the Skill Mill employment scheme for young offenders as a case study to advance our understanding of how participating in work programmes can influence youth reoffending. Participant observations and semi-structured interviews were conducted with young attendees of the scheme and their supervisors. The findings suggest that employment schemes that offer remuneration, that influence how attendees are perceived by others, that encourage friendships between individuals with a history of criminal justice involvement and that employ supervisors who manage the dynamics of the work group and support young people to change can aid desistance.

A vulnerability inspired Universal Design of Justice

2021 ◽  
pp. 146247452198980
Author(s):  
Jennifer C Sarrett
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Universal Design ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Criminal Justice Involvement ◽  
Criminal Justice Reform ◽  
Vulnerability Theory

The US criminal justice system is built on the notion of the liberal, autonomous subject who chooses to engage in criminal activity, rather than one that addresses the underlying factors that lead to crime. I argue that by combining Vulnerability Theory, a feminist legal theory focused on universal human vulnerability, and Universal Design, a disability approach aimed at creating access for the widest range of bodies and minds, we can create a system that necessitates an analysis of how social institutions are related to risk for criminal justice involvement to reduce the harms perpetuated by criminal justice involvement. Applied to criminal justice reform together, I develop a Vulnerability Inspired Universal Design of Justice that identifies important areas of reform throughout our social institutions in order to reduce the harms of the criminal justice system.

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