Household Incarceration and Salient Emerging Adult Role Transitions: Findings From an Urban Sample of Hispanic Youth

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myriam Forster ◽  
Laurel Davis ◽  
Rebecca Shlafer ◽  
Jennifer B. Unger
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Postsecondary Education ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Longitudinal Impact ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Urban Sample ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Life Course

In California, Hispanic children are 2.5 times as likely to have a family member in prison than their non-Hispanic White peers. Despite these ethnic disparities, few studies have examined the longitudinal impact of household incarceration on age-salient developmental transitions among Hispanic emerging adults. Using a matching method to control for demographic and psychosocial factors, we investigated whether emerging adults who were raised in families with an incarcerated adult experienced labor force participation, family formation, education, and criminal justice involvement differently than their peers without a history of family incarceration. Participants who had a history of household incarceration and who interacted with the criminal justice system themselves had significantly different transition experiences than their peers (higher odds of past year job loss, cohabitation, and having a child by age 20, and lower odds of pursuing a postsecondary education) and may be at increased risk of systematic disadvantage over the life course.

scholarly journals Sibling Death in the Family and Dementia Risk

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 862-863
Author(s):  
Hyungmin Cha ◽  
Patricia Thomas ◽  
Debra Umberson
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Hispanic Americans ◽  
Stressful Life Event ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Stressful Event ◽  
Sibling Loss ◽  
Dementia Risk ◽  
Dementia Incidence ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Life Course

Abstract Growing evidence points to the role of stress in contributing to dementia risk, and experiencing the death of a family member is a particularly stressful life event. Sibling relationships are typically life-long relationships and the death of a sibling is likely to be a stressful event in the life course; however, there is little research illuminating the possible consequences of sibling loss for dementia risk. This study considers whether experiencing the death of a sibling before midlife is associated with subsequent dementia risk and how such losses, which are more common for Black and Hispanic than for White populations, may add to racial/ethnic disparities in dementia risk. We use discrete-time event history models to predict dementia incidence among 9,590 non-Hispanic white, 1,669 non-Hispanic black, and 1,109 Hispanic respondents from the Health and Retirement Study, 2000-2014. Losing a sibling during the observation period is associated with increased risk for later dementia. The death of a sibling is robust to the inclusion of a variety of biosocial factors that contribute to subsequent dementia risk. The death of a sibling is a life course event with consequences that appear to increase dementia risk for Black and Hispanic older adults, and this increased risk is explained by biosocial processes likely activated by bereavement. However, Black and Hispanic Americans are further disadvantaged in that they are more likely than White Americans to experience the death of a sibling, and such losses add to the already substantial racial disadvantage in dementia risk.

scholarly journals Criminal Justice Involvement, Transition to Fatherhood, and the Demographic Foundation of the Intergenerational Transmission of Crime

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Fallesen
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Criminal History ◽  
Criminal Justice Involvement ◽  
Differential Probability ◽  
History Of ◽  
Transition To Fatherhood

Most analyses of the intergenerational transmission of criminal justice contacts compare outcomes of the second generation to the criminal history of the first generation. Such analyses ignore potential differential fertility and family formation processes and exclude childless individuals. Ignoring the demographic process underlying transmission introduces selection bias into estimates of the intergenerational transmission of criminal justice contacts insofar as the first generation’s criminal history affects family formation and the probability of parenthood. In this study, we use a cohort of all Danish men born 1965-1973 including complete fertility information and criminal justice history to account for bias caused by differential selection into fatherhood across criminal histories. We demonstrate that seriousness of criminal justice involvement is associated with earlier transition to fatherhood but ultimately higher levels of childlessness. Criminal activity prior to the onset of transition to fatherhood predicts ultimate childlessness. Conditioned on becoming a father, men with criminal justice histories have a similar number of children as men without a history of criminal justice contacts. Ultimately, the findings suggest that existing estimates of the intergenerational transmission of criminal justice contacts are overestimated when considered at the population level due to differential probability of ever becoming a father.

scholarly journals The health of women and girls released from prison - findings from Australia and internationally

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Janca
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
General Population ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Service Use ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Women And Girls

Abstract Women and girls involved in the criminal justice system experience a higher burden of morbidity than their justice-involved male counterparts and women in the general population. In addition, women with a history of incarceration are more likely than men with a history of incarceration to be exposed to poor social and health circumstances. While both justice-involved men and women have an increased risk of death compared to their counterparts in the general population, justice-involved women experience a greater elevation in risk. Understanding and addressing the health and social needs of women leaving prison is critically important to address high rates of preventable mortality, and to design appropriate gender-sensitive transitional support. This presentation will first briefly summarise the findings of a scoping review which reported on the health status of girls and young women in detention, published in the Lancet Public Health earlier this year. It will then summarise findings from a global systematic review and meta-analysis on the health of women involved in the criminal justice system, describing what is known about their physical health, mental health and health service use. Finally, this presentation will describe results from a novel prospective cohort study from Australia on differences between women and men in patterns, characteristics and predictors of ambulance and emergency department presentations, describing the implications of these findings in the context of a growing need for evidence-based and gender-sensitive transitional support planning.

Dental Implant Placement in Patients with a History of Medications Related to Osteonecrosis of the Jaws: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judd Sher ◽  
Kate Kirkham-Ali ◽  
Denny Luo ◽  
Catherine Miller ◽  
Dileep Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Dental Implant ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Bisphosphonate Treatment ◽  
Implant Placement ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of

The present systematic review evaluates the safety of placing dental implants in patients with a history of antiresorptive or antiangiogenic drug therapy. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus, Web of Science, and OpenGrey databases were used to search for clinical studies (English only) to July 16, 2019. Study quality was assessed regarding randomization, allocation sequence concealment, blinding, incomplete outcome data, selective outcome reporting, and other biases using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale and the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist for case series. A broad search strategy resulted in the identification of 7542 studies. There were 28 studies reporting on bisphosphonates (5 cohort, 6 case control, and 17 case series) and one study reporting on denosumab (case series) that met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis. The quality assessment revealed an overall moderate quality of evidence among the studies. Results demonstrated that patients with a history of bisphosphonate treatment for osteoporosis are not at increased risk of implant failure in terms of osseointegration. However, all patients with a history of bisphosphonate treatment, whether taken orally for osteoporosis or intravenously for malignancy, appear to be at risk of ‘implant surgery-triggered’ MRONJ. In contrast, the risk of MRONJ in patients treated with denosumab for osteoporosis was found to be negligible. In conclusion, general and specialist dentists should exercise caution when planning dental implant therapy in patients with a history of bisphosphonate and denosumab drug therapy. Importantly, all patients with a history of bisphosphonates are at risk of MRONJ, necessitating this to be included in the informed consent obtained prior to implant placement. The James Cook University College of Medicine and Dentistry Honours program and the Australian Dental Research Foundation Colin Cormie Grant were the primary sources of funding for this systematic review.

Family History of Diabetes Is Associated with Increased Risk of Recurrent DKA in Pediatric Patients in Rhode Island

Diabetes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 1378-P
Author(s):  
JANAKI D. VAKHARIA ◽  
SUNGEETA AGRAWAL ◽  
JANINE BACIC ◽  
LISA S. TOPOR
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Family History Of Diabetes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Self-Rated Health and Psychological Distress among Emerging Adults in Italy: A Comparison between Data on University Students, Young Workers and Working Students Collected through the 2005 and 2013 National Health Surveys

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6403
Author(s):  
Isabella Giulia Franzoi ◽  
Fabrizio D’Ovidio ◽  
Giuseppe Costa ◽  
Angelo d’Errico ◽  
Antonella Granieri
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
University Students ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Poor General Health ◽  
Working Students ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
National Health Surveys

Background. The present study aimed at comparing self-reported physical health and mental health among university students, workers, and working students aged between 19 years and 29 years. Method. Using data from National Health Surveys held in 2005 and 2013, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 18,612 Italian emerging adults grouped into three groups: university students, workers, and working students. The odds ratios of self-reported anxiety or depression, poor general health, and poor mental health and physical health (as assessed through SF-12) were estimated through logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders. Results. Compared with workers, students showed an increased risk of anxiety or depression and a lower risk of poor general health. Students and working students showed an increased risk of reporting weak mental health compared with that in workers, while students displayed a lower risk of poor physical health. Significant differences were not found between the 2005 and 2013 surveys. Conclusions. These results are of considerable importance for psychologists as well as educational and occupation-based institutions for planning prevention programs and clinical interventions.

scholarly journals A Case Report of Germline Compound Heterozygous Mutations in the BRCA1 Gene of an Ovarian and Breast Cancer Patient

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 889
Author(s):  
Ava Kwong ◽  
Cecilia Y. S. Ho ◽  
Vivian Y. Shin ◽  
Chun Hang Au ◽  
Tsun Leung Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Brca1 Gene ◽  
Pathogenic Mutation ◽  
Compound Heterozygous ◽  
Strong Family History ◽  
Breast And Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Pathogenic Mutations ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of

The germline carrier of the BRCA1 pathogenic mutation has been well proven to confer an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Despite BRCA1 biallelic pathogenic mutations being extremely rare, they have been reported to be embryonically lethal or to cause Fanconi anemia (FA). Here we describe a patient who was a 48-year-old female identified with biallelic pathogenic mutations of the BRCA1 gene, with no or very subtle FA-features. She was diagnosed with ovarian cancer and breast cancer at the ages of 43 and 44 and had a strong family history of breast and gynecological cancers.

scholarly journals #ChinaMustexplain: Global Tweets, COVID-19, and Anti-Black Racism in China

2021 ◽  
pp. 003464462199268
Author(s):  
Anwar Ouassini ◽  
Mostafa Amini ◽  
Nabil Ouassini
Keyword(s):  
Black Community ◽  
Latent Dirichlet Allocation ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Global Response ◽  
Minority Community ◽  
Racial Ideologies ◽  
Racial Projects ◽  
Physical Presence ◽  
History Of

One of the consequences of the emergence of COVID-19 has been the glaring racial and ethnic disparities that have defined the course of the spread of the virus. As a recent migrant-minority community in China, the Black community’s experience has been defined by vulgar racism, exploitation, and stigmatization. In the context of COVID-19, the Black community in China was again a target of multiple racial projects which sought to label their bodies as diseased and physical presence as a threat to the viability and safety of the Han majority. The global response was to mobilize online to expose how the Chinese government is systematically facilitating discriminatory policies against Black migrants in China. In the present paper, we explore how Twitter was utilized to mobilize awareness about anti-Black racism in China. We first present a brief history of African migration to China and then discuss the Han racial ideologies that are inspiring the anti-Black racism. We then use latent Dirichlet allocation as a topic modeling algorithm to extract underlying themes to discuss how anti-Black racism in the COVID-19 context was framed and subsequently challenged by the global community. Finally, we conclude with a brief discussion on COVID-19 and the future of the Black community in China.

scholarly journals Estrogens and Progestogens in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Do They Harm?

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2506
Author(s):  
Mark van Barele ◽  
Bernadette A. M. Heemskerk-Gerritsen ◽  
Yvonne V. Louwers ◽  
Mijntje B. Vastbinder ◽  
John W. M. Martens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Triple Negative ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Alternative Pathways ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hormone Sensitive

Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) occur more frequently in younger women and do not express estrogen receptor (ER) nor progesterone receptor (PR), and are therefore often considered hormone-insensitive. Treatment of premenopausal TNBC patients almost always includes chemotherapy, which may lead to premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and can severely impact quality of life. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is contraindicated for patients with a history of hormone-sensitive breast cancer, but the data on safety for TNBC patients is inconclusive, with a few randomized trials showing increased risk-ratios with wide confidence intervals for recurrence after HRT. Here, we review the literature on alternative pathways from the classical ER/PR. We find that for both estrogens and progestogens, potential alternatives exist for exerting their effects on TNBC, ranging from receptor conversion, to alternative receptors capable of binding estrogens, as well as paracrine pathways, such as RANK/RANKL, which can cause progestogens to indirectly stimulate growth and metastasis of TNBC. Finally, HRT may also influence other hormones, such as androgens, and their effects on TNBCs expressing androgen receptors (AR). Concluding, the assumption that TNBC is completely hormone-insensitive is incorrect. However, the direction of the effects of the alternative pathways is not always clear, and will need to be investigated further.

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