scholarly journals Are Early Stage Investors Biased Against Women?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ewens ◽  
Richard R. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Risk Preferences ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Gender Biases

We study whether early stage investors have gender biases using a proprietary dataset from An- gelList that allows us to observe private interactions between investors and fundraising startups. We find that male investors express less interest in female entrepreneurs compared to observably similar male entrepreneurs. In contrast, female investors express more interest in female entrepreneurs. These findings do not appear to be driven by within-gender screening/monitoring advantages or gender differences in risk preferences. Moreover, the male-led startups that male investors express interest in do not outperform the female-led startups they express interest in—they underperform. Overall, the evidence is consistent with gender biases.

Performance and financing strategies of female and male entrepreneurs in the Republic of Serbia

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danijela Stošic Panić
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The paper examines gender differences in the performance and financing strategies of female and male entrepreneurs in the Republic of Serbia. The aim of this study is to explore the gender dimension – a much under-researched aspect of entrepreneurship in the Republic of Serbia – and to link the findings with those of other environments. Design/methodology/approach To explore gender-based differences in entrepreneurial activity, a random sample of 327 units was drawn from the Serbian Business Registers Agency’s Register of Companies. In total, 101 completed questionnaires were received. The chi-square test of association was used to assess the relationship between two categorical variables, while the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test was used to assess the statistical importance of the differences between groups of female and male entrepreneurs. The relationship between the performance and different sources of financing was assessed by multiple regression analysis. Findings The results confirm the existence of a gender gap in the net profit, employment growth rate, return on assets (ROA) and in use of various types of alternative financing sources. The evidence shows that those male entrepreneurs who use personal funds achieve lower levels of net profit and ROA compared to those who use internal business sources. Lower ROA is also achieved by those male entrepreneurs who use alternative sources of financing, relative to those who do not use these sources. Female entrepreneurs who applied for bank loans realized higher net profit value compared to those who did not apply for a loan. Moreover, female entrepreneurs who use some kind of state-supported funding achieve higher ROA than those who do not. Other gender differences found regarding the various aspects of the financing practices lacked statistical significance. Originality/value Although the generalizability of part of the findings is weakened due to the lack of statistical significance, most of the expected gender differences were found to exist at the sample level. This encourages further studies of similarities and differences between female and male entrepreneurs’ financing strategies and their impact on business performance. This is particularly important for the environments in which the gender aspect of entrepreneurial activity is under-researched.

scholarly journals Gender stereotypes in equity crowdfunding: the effect of gender bias on the interpretation of quality signals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Kleinert ◽  
Kazem Mochkabadi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Role Congruity Theory ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Role Congruity ◽  
Equity Crowdfunding ◽  
Quality Signals ◽  
Technology Ventures

AbstractEquity crowdfunding has the potential to democratize entrepreneurial finance and provide female entrepreneurs with new and equal access to early-stage financing. In this paper, we present first empirical evidence on gender stereotypes in the context of technology ventures in equity crowdfunding. Drawing on signaling and gender role congruity theory, we hypothesize that quality signals have different effects depending on whether they are sent by male or female entrepreneurs. Results taken from a sample of 263 equity crowdfunding campaigns run by technology ventures confirm our hypotheses. In line with gender stereotypes, management experience is beneficial for male entrepreneurs but detrimental for female entrepreneurs. Interestingly, media coverage as a third-party signal has the oppositive effect, being more effective for female entrepreneurs.

Money for female entrepreneurs does not grow on trees: start-ups’ financing implications in times of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Villaseca ◽  
Julio Navío-Marco ◽  
Ricardo Gimeno
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Public Organisations ◽  
Start Ups

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand women’s approaches to acquiring financial and other resources is essential for closing the entrepreneurship gender gap. In nearly 40% of economies, women’s early-stage entrepreneurial activity is half or less than half of that of men’s. Design/methodology/approach Even when there is extensive literature on female entrepreneurs, the authors review the findings through a Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-1)9 crisis lens, trying to find new perspectives and solutions. With the approach of a systematic review of 4,520 publications on financing topics related to female entrepreneurs, various sources of financing available to female entrepreneurs are considered: bootstrapping, banks, business angels, venture capital and crowdfunding. Findings Identifying potential gender bias both on the supply and the demand side of financing, this research highlights new directions in encouraging female entrepreneurship and gives guidelines to public organisations on how to foster advanced forms of financing for female entrepreneurs in COVID-19 times. Social implications The COVID-19 pandemic has posed an unprecedented challenge for economies and companies. Female entrepreneurs are the ones who have been hit harder, as they overcome pre-existing barriers, such as lack of access to finance, lack of networks and mentors and gendered priorities, among others. Without ensuring gender policies to counter these incremental negative effects, the authors face the risk of widening the gender gap. Originality/value Regarding previous systematic reviews of literature, this paper focusses on a specific challenge, how women entrepreneurs finance their activity, with a double vision: supply and demand of money.

Gender differences in outcomes for early-stage colon cancer.

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 605-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sina Alipour ◽  
Hagen F. Kennecke ◽  
Howard John Lim ◽  
Winson Y. Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Cancer Specific Survival ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Early Stage Colon Cancer

605 Background: Retrospective analyses of clinical trials suggest that gender may influence the risk of recurrence and survival in patients diagnosed with early stage colon cancer. Whether this association persists in the setting of routine clinical practice is unclear. Our aims were to 1) assess for gender differences in outcomes in early stage colon cancer and 2) evaluate if the effect of gender on outcomes is modified by adjuvant therapy (AT). Methods: Using a population-based cohort of patients diagnosed with stage II or III colon cancer and referred to any 1 of 5 regional cancer centers in British Columbia, Canada from 2001 to 2005, we compared 5-year outcomes between men and women. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were constructed to explore the relationships between gender and prognosis, while controlling for patient and tumor characteristics. Interaction terms between gender and AT were used to examine the predictive value of gender. Results: We included 1837 patients: 970 men and 867 women. Baseline characteristics were similar: median ages were 68 and 69 years; 39 and 38% had stage II colon cancer; and 46 and 44% received AT, respectively. Outcomes were better in women than in men (5-year cancer-specific survival rate 73 vs. 71% and 5-year overall survival rate 68 vs. 62%). In Cox regression models, women continue to experience better overall prognosis (HR for death = 0.80, 95% CI 0.69-0.92, p=0.003) when compared to men. Advanced age, stage III disease, and lack of AT also correlated with worse outcomes (all p<0.01). The effect of gender on outcomes remained similar regardless of AT (HR 0.86 among women with AT and HR 0.75 among women without AT, interaction p=0.35). Conclusions: Gender is a prognostic, but not a predictive, factor for this cohort of patients with early stage colon cancer. Studies to investigate the biological mechanisms underlying this gender difference in outcomes are warranted.

Drivers of Agricultural Entrepreneurship in Factor-Driven Economies

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Mohd Saeem Khan ◽  
Mohd Yasir Arafat ◽  
Mohd Asif Khan ◽  
Hashem Abdullah Al Nemer
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
Business Creation ◽  
Agricultural Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Impact

This piece of research aims to explain the drivers of early-stage entrepreneurship in factor-driven economies and how these are affected by several cognitive factors. This study covers literature on several driving factors of entrepreneurial activity, trying to formulate a framework of determinants of early-stage agricultural entrepreneurial activity. For this purpose, the adult population survey (APS) data of factor-driven economies published by GEM has been used. The selected respondents (848) include those individuals who, alone or with other individuals, presently involved in venture creation, including any self-employment in the agricultural sector. The impact of cognitive and social capital factors on early-stage entrepreneurial activity is measured using logistic regression. The findings suggest that its opportunity perception and self-efficacy, which are the major motivators of early-stage entrepreneurship in developing nations. Also, there are gender biases and age-related negativity with respect to new agri-business creation in developing countries.

How coaching services help early stage entrepreneurs: an exploration of gender differences

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlene L. Nicholls-Nixon ◽  
Mariah M. Maxheimer
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Business Incubators ◽  
Core Element ◽  
Entrepreneurial Learning ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Support Organizations ◽  
Service Offering

PurposeEntrepreneurial support organizations, such as business incubators and accelerators (BIAs), provide coaching as a core element of their service offering for startups. Yet little is known about how coaching creates value from the entrepreneur's perspective. This is an important issue given that entrepreneurship is recognized as a gendered phenomenon. The purpose of this article is to explore how the coaching services provided during incubation create value for men and women entrepreneurs.Design/methodology/approachFocusing on university business incubators, our comparative qualitative study of 18 men and women entrepreneurs takes a grounded theorizing approach, and draws abductively on entrepreneurial learning theory, to explore the dimensions of coaching services that support venture development and explain gender differences.FindingsThe emergent explanatory model suggests that venture development is supported by coaching service design (at the incubator level) and by coaching content and rapport (at the entrepreneur-coach dyad level). Gender differences were observed in the emphasis placed on accessibility of coaching services provided by the incubator and the guidance provided by the coaches. We theorize that these findings reflect differences in entrepreneurial learning.Practical implicationsTo better support entrepreneurial learning, gender differences should be considered in both the design and delivery of coaching services.Originality/valueOur findings provide deeper insight about how coaching services create value for entrepreneurs by revealing explanatory dimensions at two levels of analysis and theorizing the interrelationship between entrepreneurial learning, gender and venture development.

Gender Differences in Preferences

2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 448-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Croson ◽  
Uri Gneezy
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Risk Preferences ◽  
Economic Experiments ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Other Regarding ◽  
Other Regarding Preferences ◽  
Gender Specific

This paper reviews the literature on gender differences in economic experiments. In the three main sections, we identify robust differences in risk preferences, social (other-regarding) preferences, and competitive preferences. We also speculate on the source of these differences, as well as on their implications. Our hope is that this article will serve as a resource for those seeking to understand gender differences and to use as a starting point to illuminate the debate on gender-specific outcomes in the labor and goods markets.

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