scholarly journals Structural legacies and the motherhood penalty: How past societal contexts shape mothers’ employment outcomes in reunified Germany

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Collischon ◽  
Andreas Eberl ◽  
Malte Reichelt
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
The West ◽  
Maternal Work ◽  
Long Run ◽  
East German ◽  
Work Preferences

Motherhood penalties vary strongly across societal contexts. While most studies that aim to explain such differences focus on institutions, a smaller literature refers to the influence of cultural norms or a complex interaction between the two. Empirically, however, it is yet unclear if such norms play a role and how they—jointly with institutions—contribute to motherhood penalties. We make use of a unique historical setting that allows us to assess how societal contexts affect maternal work preferences and labor market outcomes in the short- and long-run. Germany’s division into socialist East and parliamentary democratic West led to considerably different gender norms. But German reunification in 1990 mostly realigned gendered institutions. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), we show that East and West German mothers’ preferred and realized labor force participation and working hours nevertheless remain divergent. We then focus on East German women who moved to the West during and after the country’s transitionary period. Despite moving to a context with more conservative gender norms, East German mothers in the West retain and fulfill their work preferences. Our findings imply that it is the structural legacy of past norms and institutions, not current ones, that shapes maternal work preferences and thus pave the way for motherhood penalties. Moreover, societal norms at the time of childbirth do not directly affect mothers’ labor force participation, working hours, or wages. Gendered outcomes in the labor market are thus highly dependent on institutional and normative changes across cohorts.

Economic Well-being

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Alba ◽  
Nancy Foner
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The West ◽  
Precarious Work ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Labor Market Inequality ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Economic Well Being

This chapter looks at the economic situations of the immigrants. They have uprooted themselves in the search for better economic prospects, but profound changes in the economic structures of the rich societies of the West in recent years raise serious doubts about whether their aspirations will be fulfilled and therefore about the starting point for the next generation. The chapter then explores the implications of growing labor market inequality and precarious work for the economic incorporation of immigrants, including rates of labor force participation, unemployment, and risks of poverty. The emphasis is on how immigrants are doing compared to natives in the countries where they live, with the emphasis on low-status immigrants.

scholarly journals The Long-Run Effects of Teacher Collective Bargaining

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Lovenheim ◽  
Alexander Willén
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Collective Bargaining ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Noncognitive Skills ◽  
Difference In Difference ◽  
Hours Worked ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Cohort Difference ◽  
Annual Earnings

We analyze how exposure to teacher collective bargaining affects long-run outcomes for students, exploiting the timing of state duty-to-bargain law passage in a cross-cohort difference-in-difference framework. Among men, exposure to a duty-to-bargain law in the first 10 years after passage depresses annual earnings by $2,134 (3.93 percent), decreases weekly hours worked by 0.42, and reduces employment and labor force participation. The earnings estimate implies that current duty-to-bargain laws reduce earnings by $213.8 billion annually. Effects grow with time since law passage, are largest among nonwhites, and are not evident for women. Duty-to-bargain laws reduce male noncognitive skills, supporting the labor market findings. (JEL I21, J22, J31, J45, J51, J52, K31)

Long run trends in unemployment and labor force participation in urban China

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuaizhang Feng ◽  
Yingyao Hu ◽  
Robert Moffitt
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Long Run

scholarly journals Determinants of Female Labor Force Participation in Beirut, 1990

1970 ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Natalie Chekaibe
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Arab Region ◽  
Economic Participation ◽  
Status Of Women

Although, universally, the most visible change in the economic status of women during the second half of the twentieth century has been the increase in their participation in the labor market, the Arab region is still characterized by very low female economic participation.

scholarly journals THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF LABOR MARKET AND FEMALE LABOR FORCE CHARACTERISTICS IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeta Jaba ◽  
Christiana Sandu ◽  
Aurelian Plopeanu ◽  
Ioan Robu ◽  
Marinela Istrate
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Labor Force Participation Rate ◽  
Cluster Method ◽  
Female Labor

In this paper we analyze the characteristics of labor markets and female labor force in the countries from Central and Eastern Europe in order to verify the existence of significant differences in female labor participation rate among the countries that experienced the same political and economic system before 1990. The paper seeks to address the following specific objectives: 1) to identify the variables which are strongly correlated with female labor force participation, objective met using correlation analysis; 2) to define clusters of countries based on the determinants of female participation on the labor market, identified previously, using hierarchical cluster method; 3) to verify if the female labor force participation rate differs significantly among the identified clusters by applying the analysis of variance. The results of this study highlight that, in Central and Eastern Europe, we can identify four clusters of countries that share common characteristics of female labor market and female labor force. The analysis of the variation in female labor force participation rate emphasizes different patterns according to identified groups of countries.

scholarly journals The Correlates of Educated Women’s Labor Force Participation in Pakistan: A Micro-Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-184
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zahir Faridi ◽  
Ayesha Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Women's Earnings ◽  
Women's Labor Force Participation

This study attempts to determine the factors that affect educated women’s decision to participate in the labor force. Based on a field survey conducted in the district of Multan, we find that a number of factors have a positive and significant impact on women’s decision to work. These include women who fall in the age groups 35–44 and 45–54, the coefficients of all levels of education, the presence of an educated husband, marital status, family structure, and family expenditure. The presence of an educated father, being an educated married woman, location, distance from the district headquarters, the husband’s employment status and income, and ownership of assets significantly reduces women’s labor force participation. The results of the earnings equation show that variables such as women who live in an urban area and their level of education and experience are associated with a substantial increase in earnings with each additional year. The number of children has a negative and significant impact on women’s earnings. The hours-of-work model shows that age and the number of completed years of education have a positive effect on working hours, while the number of dependents and the number of hours spent on household activities have a negative effect on working hours.

scholarly journals Gender Norms, Work-Family Policies, and Labor Force Participation among Immigrant and Native-born Women in Western Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 237802311880470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christel Kesler
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Minority Women ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Family Policies ◽  
Work Family ◽  
Women's Labor Force Participation

Though women’s labor force participation has increased over recent decades, it remains lower than men’s in nearly every advanced democracy. Some groups of migrant and ethnic minority women have especially low rates of labor force participation, which is often attributed to cultures of origin that are less normatively supportive of women’s paid work outside the home. I argue in this paper that the gender norms women have been exposed to in their families and countries of origin interact with work-family policies to shape patterns of labor force participation. Cultural and familial norms about women’s employment outside the home are influential for women’s labor force participation in contexts of weak work-family policies. However, they cease to matter in determining women’s labor force participation in contexts of strong work-family policies.

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