Arctic labor market: current state and development dynamics

Статья посвящена изучению рынка труда арктических районов Якутии, для которого характерны дискомфортные условия жизни и трудовой деятельности. Состояние регионального рынка труда определяется историческим аспектом развития производительных сил и производственных отношений, эта диспропорция является традиционной со времен СССР. Сегодня рынок труда подвержен негативному влиянию демографических тенденций, сложной эпидемиологической и экономической ситуацией в стране и, как следствие ростом напряженности на рынке труда. Рынок труда, как любая система, имеет свою структуру и изучение всех его компонентов необходимы для достижения социально-экономических задач государства. Цель исследования – проанализировать изменения на рынке труда арктических районов Якутии, выявить специфику, ключевые проблемы и ориентиры развития. Работа опирается на данные региональной и муниципальной статистики. Для решения поставленных задач использованы экономико-статистические методы анализа сложившихся тенденций на рынке труда, в том числе связанные с кризисными явлениями 2020 г. Объектом исследования выступают Анабарская, Приленская, Янская, Индигирская, Колымская группы арктических районов Якутии. Результаты анализа свидетельствуют о высокой роли миграции в формировании трудового потенциала арктических районов, снижением численности работников предприятий и ростом численности безработных. Автор считает, что проблемы рынка труда арктических районов выступают препятствием для устойчивого развития Арктической зоны Якутии. The article is devoted to the study of the labor market in the Arctic districts of Yakutia, which is characterized by uncomfortable living and working conditions. The state of the regional labor market is determined by the historical aspect of the development of productive forces and industrial relations; this disproportion has been traditional since the USSR. Today, the labor market is subject to the negative impact of demographic trends, the difficult epidemiological and economic situation in the country and, as a consequence, the growing tension in the labor market. The labor market, like any system, has its own structure and the study of all its components is necessary to achieve the socio-economic objectives of the state. The purpose of the study was to analyze changes in the labor market in the Arctic disctircts of Yakutia, to identify the specifics, key problems and development guidelines. The work was based on the data from regional and municipal statistics. To solve the tasks set, economic and statistical methods of analyzing the current trends in the labor market, including those related to the crisis phenomena of 2020, were used. The object of the study was the Anabar, Lena, Yana, Indigirska and Kolyma groups of the Arctic disctircts of Yakutia. The results of the analysis indicate a high role of migration in the formation of the labor potential of the Arctic districts, a decrease in the number of employees of enterprises and an increase in the number of unemployed people. The author believes that the problems of the Arctic labor market are an obstacle to the sustainable development of the Arctic zone of Yakutia.

Trends in employment in the context of transformations of the economy of Russia's Far East

Subject. This article examines the changes in employment of the population of the Russian Far East since the early 1990s. Objectives. The article aims to identify the specifics of the processes that are taking place in the regional labor market, and assess the scale and direction of labor mobility. Methods. For the study, we used a statistical analysis. Results. The article describes the features of the transformation of employment of the population of the Russian Far East in the initial period of the formation of market relations and at the present stage of economic development. It shows structural shifts in the regional labor market and assesses the impact of the growth of investment activity on labor mobility. Conclusions. The territorial features of the region have led to the development of significant deviations in the functioning of the labor market and in the structure of employment.

OVERVIEW OF ACTIVITIES OF PRIMORSKY REGIONAL LABOR EXCHANGE FOR 1918

The article is devoted to the activities of Primorsky Regional Labor Exchange - an institution responsible for combating unemployment. The history of functioning of Labor Exchange in Primorsky region underwent several stages. The first stage is related to the activities of Provisional Government. The next one is the Soviet period, characterized by organizational work to establish a system of registration of the unemployed and the formation of the stock exchange committee. The third stage was the rule of non-Bolshevik governments, when there was an attempt to conduct statistical records of workers, enterprises and institutions in the region, as well as to find out the norms of remuneration.

Regional Labor Market in the Context of the Coronavirus Pandemic: Analysis of Current Trends (on the Example of the Tyumen Region)

The coronavirus pandemic, in which the entire world economy operates, has had a serious impact on all spheres of activity and in the national economy: production, distribution, exchange and consumption. Significant changes in the new conditions are observed in the regional labor markets. The decline in the turnover of enterprises in various sectors of the economy, the bankruptcy of the small business sector led to an increase in unemployment in the Tyumen region. At the same time, the active introduction of new technologies into business processes that provide a remote format of work has contributed to an increase in demand for specialists who support and service their use. In the labor market, the demand from enterprises for employees processing online orders, online purchases, delivering goods, etc. was steadily formed. Based on the analysis of the dynamics of statistical indicators, their generalization and systematization, the article provides an overview of current trends in the labor market of the region.

Proceedings From the Conference on the Impact of Housing Affordability on Economic Development and Regional Labor Markets

Housing affordability is an important component of economic development. It affects several levers for regional growth, including business formation, through wealth building and influencing entrepreneurship. Housing affordability also affects location decisions—of both labor and employers. These proceedings document findings from research presented at a conference titled “The Impact of Housing Affordability on Economic Development and Regional Labor Markets” sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta and the W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research. The analysis presented at the conference suggests that higher-cost housing can trigger productive workers to leave markets and may limit the ability of workers, especially African American workers, to enter the labor market. At the same time, large economic development projects can displace workers. Research suggests that land use regulation is a driver of housing affordability; typically, higher levels of regulation lead to higher costs. Also, the efforts of economic developers affect local policies, like regulation and zoning, to attract firms. Discussion at the conference suggested housing issues be more integral to economic development policy and that new and expanded measures of housing affordability be used to track affordability.

EMPLOYMENT AS ONE OF KAZAKHSTAN'S SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC POLICY TOOLS

В статье отмечается, что в Казахстане за последний период наблюдается снижение занятости населения при одновременном повышении уровня безработицы. Формирование новых реальностей в области занятости заставляет по-новому рассматривать расстановку сил между рынком и государством, работником и работодателем. В связи с этим актуализируется вопрос выбора инструментов социально- экономической политики, ориентированной на стимулирование занятости в Казахстане. Проведен анализ основных индикаторов рынка труда Казахстана, рассмотрена структура наемных работников по статусу занятости за последние годы, удельный вес распределения занятого населения по видам экономической деятельности, уровень оплаты труда на предприятиях и организациях, занимающихся предпринимательской деятельностью. Авторы отмечают, что основным направлением в области занятости населения является обеспечение внутренней и внешней конкурентоспособности малого и среднего бизнеса. Изучение динамики процесса региональных рынков труда, выявление основных причин незащищенной занятости и выявление существующих преград перехода на постоянную работу, усиление функций службы занятости должны стать основными задачами государственных органов занятости. Для развития данной сферы государство должно продолжить создавать конкурентоспособную среду, распространение необходимых знаний, усиление работы профсоюзов и улучшение механизмов диалога с частным сектором. The article notes that in Kazakhstan over the last period there has been a decrease in employment of the population, while the level of unemployment has increased. The formation of new realities in the field of employment forces us to consider in a new way the balance of power between the market and the state, the worker and the employer. In this regard, the issue of choosing instruments of socio-economic policy focused on stimulating employment in Kazakhstan is becoming topical. The analysis of the main indicators of the labor market in Kazakhstan is carried out, the structure of hired workers by the status of employment in recent years, the proportion of the distribution of the employed population by types of economic activity, the level of remuneration at enterprises and organizations engaged in entrepreneurial activity. The authors note that the main direction in the field of employment is to ensure the internal and external competitiveness of small and medium-sized businesses. Studying the dynamics of the process of regional labor markets, identifying the main causes of insecure employment and identifying existing barriers to the transition to permanent work, strengthening the functions of the employment service should become the main tasks of state employment agencies. To develop this area, the state must continue to create a competitive environment, disseminate the necessary knowledge, strengthen the work of trade unions and improve mechanisms for dialogue with the private sector.

Research on Labor Market Institutional Environment and Labor Agglomeration—Analysis Based on Dynamic Spatial Panel Data

The institutional environment not only has a great impact on economic development but also has a certain impact on labor agglomeration. This paper explains the phenomenon of labor agglomeration from the perspective of the labor market institutional environment. Taking the labor market institutional environment including social contract environment and labor contract environment as the premise, it is considered that a good labor institutional market can promote labor agglomeration and technological progress can stimulate the agglomeration of highly-skilled talents through theoretical analysis. Based on the provincial panel data from 2001 to 2017, the empirical analysis is conducted to verify the relevant factors through the dynamic spatial Durbin model. The paper finally puts forward some policy suggestions to maintain a good institutional environment of the labor market, including that the local government should continue to improve the labor dispute settlement system, strengthen the protection of labor rights and interests, and enhance the institutional environment of the regional labor market.

Regional unemployment and state employment regulation

The purpose of the article is to study a unique and planned sphere of life of social and economic society in the regional labor market. As it also covers the market of workforce directly connected to production, the concepts unemployment and workplace safety are important. The loss of work means low quality of life and the instability of the economy for many people. Employment determines the content of important aspects of social development to meet the needs of people in the labor market. The article emphasizes that the main policy of the state in regulating the labor market is the implementation of an employment policy for the entire population that preserves the natural level of employment, does not allow the emergence of cyclical employment, the formation of a “flexible market” that quickly adapts to internal and external changes, allowing to maintain stability and management. This compared to the traditional market creates conditions for flexible employee management in conditions of incomplete working day, temporary employment, replacement. On this flexible market, every citizen, looking for work, is obliged to find a workplace that meets its requests. In the labor market, public policy goes in two directions. Active training and retraining in order to create new jobs, ensuring employment and deliverance from unemployment. This can include events implemented in the framework of programs in our country. Passive is support for unoccupied citizens by providing social benefits. The main methods applied by the state in providing regional employment include stimulating investment in the economy, depending on the specifics of each region, which is the main condition for creating new jobs.

Labor Markets in Resource-Type Regions

The modern economic literature has accumulated enough data indicating that labor markets have local specifics, and a single all-Russian labor market is an abstraction. Therefore, the characterization of the Russian labor market as a system of separate regional markets is very important. The purpose of this paper is to determine the functional characteristics of the labor markets of resource-type regions, to identify the features of their state. We used Rosstat data for 2005–2006, 2008, 2013, 2016–2019, as well as microdata from a sample labor force survey conducted by Rosstat in 2019. It is shown that the factor of resource dependence has some effect on the parameters of regional labor markets, but only in combination with other factors (climatic, demographic, spatial, structural and sectoral). In various regions the influence of this factors can be very different. The cluster analysis made it possible to identify some effects of the influence of the resource dependence on labor markets. Firstly, only a very high level of resource dependence of regions is accompanied by a positive and complex influence on regional labor markets. Secondly, resource dependence of regions provides labor market parameters at least at the national average. From the point of view of state regulation labor markets in regions with a high level of resource dependence deserve special attention. At the same time, the main area of activity should be efforts to diversify the economy at the expense of resource rent. This requires the development of new approaches to the interaction of regional authorities with mining companies based in resource-type regions.