Economic Well-being

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Alba ◽  
Nancy Foner
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The West ◽  
Precarious Work ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Labor Market Inequality ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Economic Well Being

This chapter looks at the economic situations of the immigrants. They have uprooted themselves in the search for better economic prospects, but profound changes in the economic structures of the rich societies of the West in recent years raise serious doubts about whether their aspirations will be fulfilled and therefore about the starting point for the next generation. The chapter then explores the implications of growing labor market inequality and precarious work for the economic incorporation of immigrants, including rates of labor force participation, unemployment, and risks of poverty. The emphasis is on how immigrants are doing compared to natives in the countries where they live, with the emphasis on low-status immigrants.

scholarly journals Structural legacies and the motherhood penalty: How past societal contexts shape mothers’ employment outcomes in reunified Germany

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Collischon ◽  
Andreas Eberl ◽  
Malte Reichelt
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
The West ◽  
Maternal Work ◽  
Long Run ◽  
East German ◽  
Work Preferences

Motherhood penalties vary strongly across societal contexts. While most studies that aim to explain such differences focus on institutions, a smaller literature refers to the influence of cultural norms or a complex interaction between the two. Empirically, however, it is yet unclear if such norms play a role and how they—jointly with institutions—contribute to motherhood penalties. We make use of a unique historical setting that allows us to assess how societal contexts affect maternal work preferences and labor market outcomes in the short- and long-run. Germany’s division into socialist East and parliamentary democratic West led to considerably different gender norms. But German reunification in 1990 mostly realigned gendered institutions. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), we show that East and West German mothers’ preferred and realized labor force participation and working hours nevertheless remain divergent. We then focus on East German women who moved to the West during and after the country’s transitionary period. Despite moving to a context with more conservative gender norms, East German mothers in the West retain and fulfill their work preferences. Our findings imply that it is the structural legacy of past norms and institutions, not current ones, that shapes maternal work preferences and thus pave the way for motherhood penalties. Moreover, societal norms at the time of childbirth do not directly affect mothers’ labor force participation, working hours, or wages. Gendered outcomes in the labor market are thus highly dependent on institutional and normative changes across cohorts.

scholarly journals Determinants of Female Labor Force Participation in Beirut, 1990

1970 ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Natalie Chekaibe
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Arab Region ◽  
Economic Participation ◽  
Status Of Women

Although, universally, the most visible change in the economic status of women during the second half of the twentieth century has been the increase in their participation in the labor market, the Arab region is still characterized by very low female economic participation.

Structural Change and Women’s Employment Potential in Myanmar

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 450-476
Author(s):  
Valerie Mueller ◽  
Emily Schmidt ◽  
Dylan Kirkleeng
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Dynamic Transformation ◽  
Employment Potential

We use the Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey to evaluate the extent women are included in Myanmar’s dynamic transformation process and the relative barriers that prohibit their inclusion between 2005 and 2010. Women play an active role in the labor force during a period of massive structural change. Their growing importance is substantiated by their increasing placement in manufacturing jobs near and away from home. Despite their increasing labor force participation, women’s engagement in manufacturing is negatively associated with household welfare. This may be a function of a gender pay gap or reflect households’ inability to substitute the labor of women to complete specific tasks related to household production. Future investments in surveys in Myanmar will improve our ability to identify which factors systematically provide an enabling environment for female labor participation, mobility, and improvements in well-being.

scholarly journals Labor-Force Participation, Policies & Practices in an Aging America: Adaptation Essential for a Healthy & Resilient Population

Daedalus ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 144 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa F. Berkman ◽  
Axel Boersch-Supan ◽  
Mauricio Avendano
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Work Organization ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Younger Workers

Population aging in the United States poses challenges to societal institutions while simultaneously creating opportunities to build a more resilient, successful, and cohesive society. Work organization and labor-force participation are central to both the opportunities and challenges posed by our aging society. We argue that expectations about old age have not sufficiently adapted to the reality of aging today. Our institutions need more adaptation in order to successfully face the consequences of demographic change. Although this adaptation needs to focus especially on work patterns among the “younger elderly,” our society has to change its general attitudes toward work organization and labor-force participation, which will have implications for education and health care. We also show that work's beneficial effects on well-being in older ages are often neglected, while the idea that older workers displace younger workers is a misconception emerging from the “lump-of-labor” fallacy. We conclude, therefore, that working at older ages can lead to better quality of life for older people and to a more productive and resilient society overall.

scholarly journals THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF LABOR MARKET AND FEMALE LABOR FORCE CHARACTERISTICS IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeta Jaba ◽  
Christiana Sandu ◽  
Aurelian Plopeanu ◽  
Ioan Robu ◽  
Marinela Istrate
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Labor Force Participation Rate ◽  
Cluster Method ◽  
Female Labor

In this paper we analyze the characteristics of labor markets and female labor force in the countries from Central and Eastern Europe in order to verify the existence of significant differences in female labor participation rate among the countries that experienced the same political and economic system before 1990. The paper seeks to address the following specific objectives: 1) to identify the variables which are strongly correlated with female labor force participation, objective met using correlation analysis; 2) to define clusters of countries based on the determinants of female participation on the labor market, identified previously, using hierarchical cluster method; 3) to verify if the female labor force participation rate differs significantly among the identified clusters by applying the analysis of variance. The results of this study highlight that, in Central and Eastern Europe, we can identify four clusters of countries that share common characteristics of female labor market and female labor force. The analysis of the variation in female labor force participation rate emphasizes different patterns according to identified groups of countries.

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