scholarly journals Racial-Ethnic and Gender Differences in Returns to Cohabitation and Marriage: Evidence from the Current Population Survey

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip N. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Current Population Survey ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Never Married ◽  
Marriage Premium ◽  
Current Population ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Using data on cohabitation from the 1995-1997 March Current Population Survey, the first three years inwhich the survey included "unmarried partner" as a relationship category, I measure the relationship betweenearnings and cohabitation as well as other marital statuses across racial-ethnic groups for men and women.Results show that among 25-54 year-old workers, black women have the largest cohabitation "premium" --the earnings advantage over never-married workers -- more than three-times the premium for white women.Hispanic women have no cohabitation premium. White men have the largest marriage premium, and eachother group except white women also has a significant marriage premium. There is a significant cohabitationbenefit for white men, black men, and Hispanic men. Substantial differences in observed effects across groupssuggest the need for models that are more complicated than previously used. Research into marital statuseffects on earnings is misleading when restricted to white men.

Abstract MP050: Race and Gender Group Specific Trends in Length of Stay for Acute Myocardial Infarction: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, 1987–2008

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura R Loehr ◽  
Xiaoxi Liu ◽  
C. Baggett ◽  
Cameron Guild ◽  
Erin D Michos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Black Men ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Quadratic Term ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Insurance Type ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Aric Study

Introduction: Since the 1980’s, length of stay (LOS) for acute MI (AMI) has declined in the US. However, little is known about trends in LOS for non-white racial groups and whether change in LOS is related to insurance type or hospital complications. Methods: We determined 22 year trends in LOS for nonfatal (definite or probable) AMI among black and white residents age 35–74 in 4 US communities (N=396,514 in 2008 population) under surveillance in the ARIC Study. Events were randomly sampled and independently validated using a standardized algorithm. All analyses accounted for sampling scheme. We excluded MI events which started after admission (n=1,677), events within 28 days for the same person (n=3,817), hospital transfers (n=571), and those with LOS=0 or LOS >66 (top 0.5% of distribution, N= 144) leaving 22,258 weighted events for analysis. The average annual change in log LOS was modeled using weighted linear regression with year as a quadratic term. All models adjusted for age and secondary models adjusted for insurance type (Medicare, Medicaid, private, or other), and complications during admission (cardiac arrest, cardiogenic shock, or heart failure). Results: The average age-adjusted LOS from 1987 to 2008 was reduced by 5 days in black men (9.5 to 4.5 days); 4.6 days in white women (9.4 to 4.8 days); 4 days in white men (8.3 to 4.3 days) and 3.6 days in black women (9.0 to 5.4 days). Between 1987 and 2008, the age-adjusted average annual percent change (with 95% CI) in LOS was largest for white men at −4.40 percent per year (−4.91, −3.89) followed by −3.89 percent (−4.52, −3.26) for white women, −3.72 percent (−4.46, −2.89) for black men, and −2.94 percent (−3.92, −1.96) for black women (see Figure). Adjustment for insurance type, and complications did not change the pattern by race and gender. Conclusions: Between 1987 and 2008, LOS for AMI declined significantly and similarly in men and women, blacks and whites. These changes appear independent of differences in insurance type and hospital complications among race-gender groups.

Parsing out the “Hispanic Effect” in Disaggregated Homicide Trends at the Intersection of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender from 1990 to 2016

2020 ◽  
pp. 108876792093931
Author(s):  
Shytierra Gaston ◽  
CheyOnna Sewell
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Homicide Victimization ◽  
Hispanic Men ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender

This study contributes to homicide research by parsing out the Hispanic Effect and applying an intersectional approach to examining U.S. homicide victimization trends by race, ethnicity, and gender, jointly. Drawing on mortality data, we document and describe total, firearm, and non-firearm homicide victimization rates from 1990 to 2016 for six subgroups: Black women, Black men, Hispanic women, Hispanic men, White women, and White men. The analysis of within- and between-group homicide trends reveals important subgroup-specific patterns that prior studies using aggregate or confounded data have masked. The findings have important research, theory, and policy implications and advocate for an intersectional approach to studying homicide.

Job Characteristics and Well-Being at Midlife: Ethnic and Gender Comparisons

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Crohan ◽  
Toni C. Antonucci ◽  
Pamela K. Adelmann ◽  
Lerita M. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Perceived Control ◽  
White Women ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
White Men ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Role Stress ◽  
And Gender

Lacking in the research on work and well-being is a focus on the characteristics of the employment role that contribute to well-being and their differential relations across ethnicity and gender. White and Black women and men at midlife (ages 40–64) were studied. The samples were drawn from two national surveys and included 186 White women, 202 White men, 254 Black women, and 169 Black men. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to assess the relation of work commitment, job satisfaction, role stress, occupational status and personal income to perceived control, life satisfaction, and happiness. Marital status, age, and hours worked were included as control variables. Results indicate that job satisfaction is positively related to life satisfaction for all four groups, and to happiness for White women and Black men. Personal income is positively related to perceived control for Black women and White men, and to life satisfaction for White women. Occupational status is positively related to perceived control for White and Black women; role stress is negatively related to life satisfaction among White men, and to happiness among Black women. Among the control variables, being married is positively related to well-being for all four race-sex groups.

scholarly journals Racial/ethnic/gender-based Disparities in Health Trajectories among American Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 894-894
Author(s):  
Dexia Kong ◽  
Peiyi Lu ◽  
Joan Davitt ◽  
Mack Shelley
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Hispanic Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Abstract Numerous studies have examined racial/ethnic- or gender-based disparities in health. However, few examined health outcomes based on a combination of individuals’ race, ethnicity, and gender. Guided by an intersectionality framework, this study explores racial/ethnic/gender-based differences in older adults’ health trajectories over a ten-year period. Longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study (2004-2014) were used (n=16,654). Older adults (65+) were stratified into six groups based on their race, ethnicity, and gender, including (1) Non-Hispanic (NH) White Men; (2) NH White Women; (3) NH Black Men; (4) NH Black Women; (5) Hispanic Men; and (6) Hispanic Women. Growth curve models were used to examine the trajectories of three health indicators over time, including cognitive function, physical function (i.e. the sum of activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living), and depressive symptoms. The results indicated that NH White men and women outperformed racial/ethnic minority groups in cognition and physical function trajectories. Females in all racial/ethnic groups had more depressive symptoms but better cognition than their male counterparts. Hispanic women reported the most depressive symptoms. Hispanic women and NH Black women had the poorest physical function. NH Black men/women had the lowest cognition. Study findings highlighted the utility of an intersectionality framework in understanding health disparities in later life. Multiple social identities intersect with each other and generate protective and/or risk effects on cognitive, mental, and physical health status. Multilevel intervention strategies are warranted to close the health equity gap among various marginalized population groups.

The socioeconomic attainments of second-generation Nigerian and other African Americans: Evidence from the Current Population Survey, 2009-2018

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Sakamoto ◽  
Ernesto F. L. Amaral ◽  
Sharron Xuanren Wang ◽  
Courtney Nelson
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Current Population Survey ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
African American Men ◽  
White Men ◽  
American Women ◽  
Current Population

Using recent data from the Current Population Survey, we investigate education and wages among second-generation African Americans with a focus on Nigerian Americans. The results indicate that the educational attainment of second-generation Nigerian Americans exceeds other second-generation African Americans, third-and-higher generation African Americans, third-and-higher generation whites, and second-generation whites. The educational attainment of second-generation Nigerian American women furthermore exceeds second-generation Asian American women. After controlling for age, education and disability, the wages of second-generation Nigerian American women have reached parity with third-and-higher generation white women whereas third-and-higher generation African American women have about 11 percent lower wages. After controlling for age, education and disability in the case of men, the wages of second-generation Nigerian American men have reached parity with third-and-higher generation white men whereas third-and-higher generation African American men have about 21 percent lower wages while other second-generation African American men have about 12 percent lower wages than third-and-higher generation white men. Contrary to the usual pattern of socioeconomic disadvantage for African Americans, these results indicate that second-generation Nigerian Americans have exceeded whites in educational attainment and have reached parity with equally-educated whites in terms of wage determination among employed workers. Nonetheless, we view our results as being only suggestive and call for more research on the socioeconomic outcomes of second-generation African Americans who have been relatively neglected in immigration studies.

Elevated Fibrinogen Predicts Atherosclerosis.

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 3188-3188
Author(s):  
David Green ◽  
Nancy Foiles ◽  
Cheeling Chan ◽  
Pamela J. Schreiner ◽  
David Jacobs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Black Men ◽  
White Women ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
White Men ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Hemostatic Factors ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Elevated levels of hemostatic factors are observed in patients with atherosclerosis, but whether they promote plaque formation or are a consequence of the disease is uncertain. To examine this issue, we used data from a large biracial cohort of young adults (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults [CARDIA]) followed up for 13 years, to examine the relationships of hemostatic factors - fibrinogen, factors VII and VIII, and von Willebrand factor (vWF) - with coronary artery calcium (CAC) and carotid intimal-medial thickness (IMT). Complete data were available on 1382 participants, whose mean age was 32 years at enrollment. The age, race, and gender-adjusted prevalence of CAC for increasing quartiles of fibrinogen levels was: 14.0%, 15.0%, 19.6%, and 28.4% (p <0.001 for trend). After further adjustment for BMI, smoking, systolic BP, and total cholesterol, the prevalence of CAC for increasing quartiles of fibrinogen was 15.5%, 16.0%, 19.0%, and 26.4% (p <0.001 for trend). Similar trends were observed for IMT (age, race, and gender-adjusted, p<0.001; multivariable adjusted, p=0.022). When race and gender subgroups were further analyzed, the prevalence of CAC was associated with fibrinogen levels in women and white men after age adjustment, and in women on multivariable analysis. IMT scores adjusted for age were associated with elevated fibrinogen levels in all except black men, and in black women after multivariable adjustment (p=0.003). While the prevalence of CAC was not associated with increasing quartiles of FVII, FVIII, or vWF, IMT scores were associated with elevated FVII on multivariable analysis in white women (p=0.006) and with vWF antigen in white men on age-adjusted (p=0.004) and multivariable analysis (p=0.013). There were no significant associations of hemostatic factors with either the prevalence of CAC or IMT in black men. Participants were categorized as to whether they had 0, 1, or more than 1 hemostatic factors in the highest quartile. After adjustment for age, race, and gender, hemostatic group classification was associated linearly with the prevalence of CAC (p<0.001 for trend) and IMT score (p=0.01 for trend). In conclusion, the main finding from this study is that elevated levels of fibrinogen in persons aged 25 to 37 are associated with the later appearance of subclinical markers of cardiovascular disease. These associations were observed in whites and black women, but not black men. We suggest that atherosclerosis became established during the 13 year observation period, and that increased fibrinogen may have been a contributing factor or a marker for disease development.

Effects of Children on Women's Remarriage Prospects

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen. P. Koo ◽  
C. M. Suchindran
Keyword(s):  
Life Table ◽  
Current Population Survey ◽  
Population Survey ◽  
White Women ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Current Population

LIFE table analyses of data for white women from the 1975 Current Population Survey showed that the effects of the number of children women had at divorce on their remarriage probabilities depended on the women's age at divorce. Among women divorcing before age 25, being childless increased the likelihood of remarriage; but among women divorcing at 35 or older, having no children decreased it. For women divorcing at age 25 to 34, there was no effect. The failure of previous studies to take into account this interaction between children and age of woman at divorce, along with other problems discussed and corrected in the article, may explain the conflicting results obtained by earlier research.

A Macrolevel Study of Police Killings at the Intersection of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender

2020 ◽  
pp. 001112872097744
Author(s):  
Shytierra Gaston ◽  
April D. Fernandes ◽  
Rashaan A. DeShay
Keyword(s):  
Violent Crime ◽  
Social Disorganization ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Racial Conflict ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Unique Dataset

We investigate macrolevel sources of police use of fatal force at the intersection of race, ethnicity, and gender. Focusing on 580 U.S. counties from 2013 to 2018, we build a unique dataset and analyze whether violent crime, social disorganization, and racial conflict indicators predict police killings among six victim subgroups of Black, Hispanic, and White men and women. Regression results show that violent crime—and social disorganization, albeit less consistently—is positively associated with police killings of men, irrespective of race/ethnicity, and Hispanic women while having no significant impact on Black or White women. We find nuanced evidence that racial conflict shapes police use of fatal force across all six racial-ethnic-gender subgroups. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings.

Racial and Gender Biases in Magazine Advertising

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Plous ◽  
Dominique Neptune
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Female Body ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
White Female ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Black Females ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
Predatory Animal ◽  
And Gender

Recent evidence suggests that racial and gender biases in magazine advertisements may be increasing. To explore this possibility, a content analysis was performed on 10 years of fashion advertisements drawn from magazines geared toward White women, Black women, or White men ( N = 1,800 advertisements from 1985–1994). The results indicated that (a) except for Black females in White women's magazines, African Americans were underrepresented in White magazines; (b) female body exposure was greater than male body exposure, and White female body exposure rose significantly during the 10 years; (c) White women were shown in low-status positions nearly twice as often as were other models; and (d) Black women wore the majority of animal prints, most of which were patterned after a predatory animal. These findings suggest that racial and gender biases in magazine advertising persisted, and in some cases increased, between the mid-1980s and mid-1990s.

scholarly journals Racial and Ethnic Disparities in U.S. Veteran Health Characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2411
Author(s):  
Rachel E. Ward ◽  
Xuan-Mai T. Nguyen ◽  
Yanping Li ◽  
Emily M. Lord ◽  
Vanessa Lecky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Black Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
White Men ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Access And Quality ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Racial/ethnic health disparities persist among veterans despite comparable access and quality of care. We describe racial/ethnic differences in self-reported health characteristics among 437,413 men and women (mean age (SD) = 64.5 (12.6), 91% men, 79% White) within the Million Veteran Program. The Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test and linear mixed models were used to compare age-standardized frequencies and means across race/ethnicity groups, stratified by gender. Black, Hispanic, and Other race men and women reported worse self-rated health, greater VA healthcare utilization, and more combat exposure than Whites. Compared to White men, Black and Other men reported more circulatory, musculoskeletal, mental health, and infectious disease conditions while Hispanic men reported fewer circulatory and more mental health, infectious disease, kidney, and neurological conditions. Compared to White women, Black women reported more circulatory and infectious disease conditions and Other women reported more infectious disease conditions. Smoking rates were higher among Black men, but lower for other minority groups compared to Whites. Minority groups were less likely to drink alcohol and had lower physical fitness than Whites. By identifying differences in burden of various health conditions and risk factors across different racial/ethnic groups, our findings can inform future studies and ultimately interventions addressing disparities.

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