scholarly journals Earthen Stūpas of Pre-ancient Nepāl

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-69
Author(s):  
Junu Basukala Ranjitkar
Keyword(s):  
Original Form ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Deceased Person ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Architectural Styles ◽  
The Buddha ◽  
Made In

The initial stūpas of pre-ancient Nepal were erected using earthen mounds. However, thePāli and Sanskrit Buddhist texts do not mention that stūpas have to be earthen mounds.Only the Pāli Jātaka story Sujāta mentions the presence of earthen mound stupa containingthe relics of a deceased person. The earthen mound stūpas were initially made in the Indiansub-continent after Buddha’s Mahāparinibbāna. There were ten preliminary stūpas thatwere erected containing the Buddha’s relics, a vessel and ashes. One of them, Rāmagrāmastūpa, is still in existence in its original form. When Emperor Asoka converted to Buddhism,he erected 84,000 stūpas with small relics of the Buddha, extracting those relics from theseven original stūpas. Not only that, he also went on to enlarge the size of a few originalstūpas using bricks in the construction process. Piprahavā stūpa of Kapilvastu, Nibbānastūpas of Kanakamuni and Krakuchhanda, twin stūpas of Dhamnihavā were renovated byenclosing the earthen mound with bricks. The Bhishvā stūpa of Birgunj and three stūpasof Pātan and a stūpa of kothuvahī are still in existence in their original form. However, allthese stūpas are enclosed by walls built in the later part of the centuries to preserve them.The Chārumatī stūpa and the Yampi stūpa were built in Vajrayāna tradition. However, inrecent times the infrastructure developments in the cities have led to the use of modernmaterials like cement and white plaster and altering even the architectural styles of someof the stupas. The north-east section of Chārumatī stūpa and the Yampi stūpa have sufferedthis impact.

The mineralogical composition of some Scottish soils

1925 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Hendrick ◽  
George Newlands
Keyword(s):  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Plant Food ◽  
Sand Fraction ◽  
Extensive Survey ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Local Origin ◽  
East West ◽  
Made In

1. Previous investigations showed that certain Scottish soils were of glacial drift origin, that they were comparatively rich in unweathered silicates and therefore in reserves of plant-food, that they showed considerable variation in such silicates and were capable of classification accordingly. Some indication was also shown that the glacial drift, and hence the resulting soil, was sometimes of local origin, its character being determined by the underlying rock. In the present investigation a more extensive survey of Scottish soils has been made in order to discover to what extent these preliminary findings might be applicable generally.2. For this purpose soils have been collected from various localities in the north, north-east, west and south of Scotland, and have been analysed mechanically and the “fine sand” fraction examined mineralogically.

On the Chloride Waters of Great Britain

1945 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 267-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
The South ◽  
Very Old ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Exact Position ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Village ◽  
Made In

Formerly there were several surface brine springs in the North-East Coalfield; to-day there are none. From the many accounts of their occurrence nothing has been learned of their exact position, and very little of the composition of their waters. The earliest record, made in 1684, described the Butterby spring (Todd, 1684), and then at various times during the next two centuries brine springs at Framwellgate, Lumley, Birtley, Walker, Wallsend, Hebburn, and Jarrow were noted. In particular the Birtley salt spring is often mentioned, and on the 6-in. Ordnance map, Durham No. 13, 1862 edition, it is sited to the south-east of the village. Although no record has been found there must have been either a brine spring or well at Gateshead, for the name of the present-day suburb, Saltwell, is very old, and brine springs are still active in the coal workings of that area.

scholarly journals Capitalismo distrettuale, localismi d'impresa, globalizzazione

2008 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Scope Economies ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Productive System ◽  
Dimensional Growth ◽  
It Revolution ◽  
Made In

From the late Sixties on, industrial development in Italy evolved through the spread of small and medium sized firms, aggregated in district networks, with an elevated propensity to enterprise and the marked presence of owner-families. Installed within the local systems, the industrial districts tended to simulate large-scale industry exploiting lower costs generated by factors that were not only economic. The districts are characterised in terms of territorial location (above all the thriving areas of the North-east and Centre) and sector, since they are concentrated in the "4 As" (clothing-fashion, home-decor, agri-foodstuffs, automation-mechanics), with some overlapping with "Made in Italy". How can this model be assessed? This is the crucial question in the debate on the condition and prospects of the Italian productive system between the supporters of its capacity to adapt and the critics of economic dwarfism. A dispassionate judgement suggests that the prospects of "small is beautiful" have been superseded, but that the "declinist" view, that sees only the dangers of globalisation and the IT revolution for our SMEs is risky. The concept of irreversible crisis that prevails at present is limiting, both because it is not easy either to "invent", or to copy, a model of industrialisation, and because there is space for a strategic repositioning of the district enterprises. The book develops considerations in this direction, showing how an evolution of the district model is possible, focusing on: gains in productivity, scope economies (through diversification and expansion of the range of products), flexibility of organisation, capacity to meld tradition and innovation aiming at product quality, dimensional growth of the enterprises, new forms of financing, active presence on the international markets and valorisation of the resources of the territory. It is hence necessary to reactivate the behavioural functions of the entrepreneurs.

scholarly journals 3D reconstruction and digitalization of an archeological site, Itanos, Crete

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudy Ercek ◽  
Didier Viviers ◽  
Nadine Warzée
Keyword(s):  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Close Collaboration ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Mediterranean Studies ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
French School ◽  
The City ◽  
Archeological Site ◽  
Made In

<p>The city of Itanos is situated in the North-East of Crete. Between 1994 and 2005, the French School of Archaeology at Athens (Efa) and the Center for Mediterranean Studies in Rethymnon carried out excavation campaigns during which a necropolis and an Archaic building have been explored by a team of the CReA. A very close collaboration between archeologists, engineers and computer graphic designers allowed the 3D reconstruction of these remains. The archeologist was able to directly verify his hypotheses during the reconstruction process. In summer 2007 and 2008, a 3D digitalization of Itanos was made in order to insert the 3D reconstructions into the actual landscape.</p>

scholarly journals VII. Observations of the aurora borealis made in England by Andr. Celsius, F. R. S. and Secr. R. S. of Upsal in Sweden

1735 ◽  
Vol 39 (441) ◽  
pp. 241-244 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Aurora Borealis ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The Town ◽  
Made In

Sept . 13, 1735, in the Town of Woodford , six Miles to the North East of London , at 11½ h.

EXPLORATION AND GEOLOGY OF THE WEST SULU BASIN, PHILIPPINES

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Bell ◽  
R. G. C. Jessop
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
The West ◽  
Sulu Sea ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Tectonic Events ◽  
Provisional Identification ◽  
Western Portion ◽  
Made In

The West Sulu Basin lies in the western portion of the Sulu Sea. Republic of the Philippines. It occupies an area in excess of 26,000 square miles (67,000 km2) and is bounded to the west and south by the cordilleran arc extending from the island of Palawan through Sabah and along the Sulu Archipelago to the island of Mindanao. To the north-east, the basin probably extends beyond the edge of the continental shelf in Philippine territorial waters.The basin may be broadly divided into a western platform and an eastern deep: the latter is subdivided by northeast-trending basement ridges into three sub-basins. Sediments deposited in these sub-basins are of Tertiary to Recent age and have been affected by several orogenies and by contemporaneous movements of fault-controlled blocks. This has resulted in truncation and the development of marked erosion surfaces and onlap within the Upper Tertiary section. Many anticlinal features mapped within the basin have resulted from drape over basement highs or from penecontemporaneous growth of these highs.Major unconformities associated with Upper Tertiary tectonic events have been recognized onshore. Extrapolation to offshore areas where these events can be seismically mapped has enabled an interpretative geologic model to be built up. Provisional identification of stratigraphic units and their nature have been made using this model.The Upper Tertiary section within the eastern deep is expected to consist of deltaic and paralic reservoir sands interbedded with, grading into and transgressed by deeper water shale and mudstone with good hydrocarbon source potential. Some limestone lenses may be present.The presence of Lower to Middle Miocene diapiric shale and Plio-Pleistocene intrusives coupled with data of variable quality makes seismic interpretation difficult in some areas. However, several large anticlinal features and a number of stratigraphic and combination traps have been located.A non-commercial discovery of oil and gas has been made in the basin.

The biting habits of Aedes (Skusea) pembaensis Theo. and some other mosquitos of Faza, Pate Island, East Africa

1964 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. C. van Someren ◽  
M. Furlong
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
East Coast ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moon Phase ◽  
Moon Phases ◽  
Biphasic Pattern ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Biting Behaviour ◽  
Made In

Descriptions are given of 24-hour biting catches, made in and around Faza, a village on Pate Island, off the north-east coast of Kenya, East Africa.Aedes pembaensis Theo. was the predominant mosquito in these catches but fair numbers of Aedes mombasaensis Mattingly were also taken; the biting cycles of these two are discussed. Six other species were taken in small numbers.For Ae. pembaensis, biting cycles calculated on catches grouped for site, moon phases, neap tides and spring tides show that both moon and tide and light intensity influence the biting behaviour. Different but recurring patterns occur with various combinations of these factors.For Ae. mombasaensis, the cycles have a very constant biphasic pattern. Catches grouped for moon phases, tides and catch sites, as for Ae. pembaensis, show that more biting females are taken at neap tides than at spring tides. Two patterns of behaviour occur, one associated with spring tides and the other with neap tides. An even level of biting activity occurs during the night with intense and prolonged moonlight; otherwise moon-phase cycles have little effect on biting behaviour.It is felt that 24-hour biting catches can give useful information on behaviour patterns but it is desirable to have a long series of catches to analyse. For the purpose of calculating biting cycles, the results of catches showing similar modifications in behaviour should be treated separately.

A Building with Jewish Elements in Limyra/Turkey – A Synagogue?

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-152
Author(s):  
Martin Seyer ◽  
Helmut Lotz
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Community ◽  
Current Level ◽  
Front Side ◽  
Water Basin ◽  
Secondary Use ◽  
Main Street ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Made In

This article gives a preliminary excavation report about a building in the Lycian city of Limyra and the finds which were made in it. In the north-east corner of the building – the only part excavated so far – one room was equipped with a marble wall revetment and windows with glass of at least four different colors. Inside, a square water basin was supplied by collected rainwater which was channeled through a terracotta pipe into the basin. Some elements suggest that the basin was used for bathing. The entry to the building led from the main street into a vestibule, which was originally partially open at the front. At a later period, the floor of the building was raised to its current level by means of two stone slabs and two pillars which were in secondary use. The two slabs are remnants of chancel screens decorated with three menorah images. The front side of one of the slabs is decorated also with a shofar and the second one also with a lulav. The combination of these features suggests that the building was connected with the Jewish community of Limyra. The chancel screens indicate that a synagogue was once located in the immediate vicinity. It is therefore not improbable that the building itself was this synagogue.

Part II. The Grave Circle

1954 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 244-247
Author(s):  
A. J. B. Wace ◽  
F. H. Stubbings
Keyword(s):  
First Year ◽  
East Side ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
South Side ◽  
Double Ring ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Western Half ◽  
Made In

In 1950 and 1952, in view of recent discussions about the date of the Grave Circle, we decided to make some fresh soundings in its supporting wall to see if any fresh evidence could be obtained. In the first year the work was confined to soundings in the battered supporting wall on the south side opposite the north-east corner of the House of the Warrior Vase, and was undertaken by Mr. Kenneth Rowe. In 1952 further soundings were made in the battered supporting wall, the wall at its base on the west was further examined, and a sectional cut was made across the double ring of standing slabs on the north-east side about midway between the entrance and the then surviving cover slabs. The work was then directed by Dr. F. H. Stubbings.At the time of Schliemann's excavations the western part of the double ring of vertical poros slabs of the Grave Circle, which rests on the battered supporting wall, was in a very ruinous condition. This can be seen clearly in Schliemann's illustration and in the photographs published later. After the close of Schliemann's and Stamatakes' excavations the supporting wall was restored both on the west and on the south, and the western half of the double ring of standing slabs was reconstructed. When Keramopoullos excavated the fallen rock in the centre of the circle the Greek Archaeological Service undertook some further work of conservation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document