Determination of the Chemical Compositions of Clay Deposits from Some Part of South West Nigeria for Industrial Applications

Clay is one of the major raw materials in ceramics, paint and paper industries. In this paper, a report is given on the chemical composition of clay deposits in Ilaro and Ikorodu, South West Nigeria and their suitability as raw materials in the above mentioned industries is suggested by comparison of their composition with industry standards. The clay samples were activated with H2SO4 and their moisture content was determined. The mineral content of the clays was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy, which showed significant presence of Si, Al, Fe, and Ti. The morphology of the clays was studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM/EDX) in combination with X-ray analysis. The investigation revealed the agglomeration of the particles of quartz and rutile on the surface structure of the activated clays. The results obtained from their observed properties and chemical compositions indicate that these clays are suitable for use in the ceramics, paint and paper industries. This proposition is supported by reduction in moisture contents of the activated clay samples from both Ilaro and Ikorodu.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(1): 21-26

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The Choice of Chemical Composition and Raw Materials for the Production of Basalt Wool with the Defined Characteristics

Solid State Phenomena ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.1018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 284 ◽

pp. 1018-1023

Author(s):

A.V. Khandoshka ◽

Svetlana G. Vlasova

Keyword(s):

Surface Tension ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Chemical Analysis ◽

Thermal Insulation ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Mineral Wool ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Insulation Material ◽

X Ray

The composition of mineral wool was selected for the research, based on the chemical composition of the raw materials, the determination of the acidity module to obtain the thermal insulation material with the best characteristics and the lowest cost of the production of basalt mineral wool. The paper deals with compositions of raw materials and selection chemical compositions of charges for production of basalt mineral wool, and the experiments of welded samples were made and tested for viscosity, surface tension, chemical analysis and x-ray analysis.

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Usability of field X-ray fluorescence analyzers for determination of the chemistry of cement raw materials - using an example of Mokrá Quarry

Geoscience Research Reports ◽

10.3140/zpravy.geol.49.13 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Jiří Zimák ◽

Kristýna Dalajková ◽

Roman Donocik ◽

Petr Krist ◽

Daniel Reif ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

X Ray

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Mining Wastes of an Albite Deposit as Raw Materials for Vitrified Mullite Ceramics

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min11030232 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 232

Author(s):

Pedro J. Sánchez-Soto ◽

Eduardo Garzón ◽

Luis Pérez-Villarejo ◽

George N. Angelopoulos ◽

Dolores Eliche-Quesada

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Phase Evolution ◽

Particle Size Analysis ◽

Size Analysis ◽

Mining Wastes ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Maximum Value

In this work, an examination of mining wastes of an albite deposit in south Spain was carried out using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analysis, thermo-dilatometry and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, followed by the determination of the main ceramic properties. The albite content in two selected samples was high (65–40 wt. %), accompanied by quartz (25–40 wt. %) and other minor minerals identified by XRD, mainly kaolinite, in agreement with the high content of silica and alumina determined by XRF. The content of Na2O was in the range 5.44–3.09 wt. %, being associated with albite. The iron content was very low (<0.75 wt. %). The kaolinite content in the waste was estimated from ~8 to 32 wt. %. The particle size analysis indicated values of 11–31 wt. % of particles <63 µm. The ceramic properties of fired samples (1000–1350 °C) showed progressive shrinkage by the thermal effect, with water absorption and open porosity almost at zero at 1200–1250 °C. At 1200 °C, the bulk density reached a maximum value of 2.38 g/cm3. An abrupt change in the phase evolution by XRD was found from 1150 to 1200 °C, with the disappearance of albite by melting in accordance with the predictions of the phase diagram SiO2-Al2O3-Na2O and the system albite-quartz. These fired materials contained as main crystalline phases quartz and mullite. Quartz was present in the raw samples and mullite was formed by decomposition of kaolinite. The observation of mullite forming needle-shape crystals was revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The formation of fully densified and vitrified mullite materials by firing treatments was demonstrated.

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Utilization of open pit burned household waste ash – a feasibility study in Dhaka

Waste Management & Research ◽

10.1177/0734242x14526465 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 32 (5) ◽

pp. 397-405

Author(s):

Md. Obaidul Haque ◽

Ahmed Sharif

Keyword(s):

Room Temperature ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Bottom Ash ◽

Open Pit ◽

Household Waste ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Muffle Furnace ◽

Clay Bricks ◽

Peripheral Area

Informal incineration or open pit burning of waste materials is a common practice in the peripheral area of Dhaka, one of the fastest growing mega-cities in the world. This study deals with the effect of open pit burned (i.e. open burned) household waste bottom ash on ﬁred clay bricks. Between 0 to 50% (by weight) of open pit burned household waste bottom ash was mixed with clay to make bricks. The molded specimens were air-dried at room temperature for 24 h and then oven dried at 100 °C for another 24 h to remove the water. The raw bricks were fired in a muffle furnace to a designated temperature (800, 900 and 1000 °C, respectively). The firing behaviour (mechanical strength, water absorption and shrinkage) was determined. The microstructures, phase compositions and leachates were evaluated for bricks manufactured at different firing temperatures. These results demonstrate that open pit burned ash can be recycled in clay bricks. This study also presents physical observations of the incinerated ash particles and determination of the chemical compositions of the raw materials by wet analysis. Open pit burned ash can be introduced easily into bricks up to 20% wt. The concentrations of hazardous components in the leachates were below the standard threshold for inert waste category landfill and their environmental risk during their use-life step can be considered negligible.

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The chemistry and cell parameters of omphacites and related pyroxenes

Mineralogical Magazine ◽

10.1180/minmag.1969.037.285.07 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 37 (285) ◽

pp. 61-74 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

A. D. Edgar ◽

A. Mottana ◽

N. D. Macrae

Keyword(s):

Powder Diffraction ◽

Electron Microprobe ◽

Graphical Representation ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Chemical Analyses ◽

X Ray ◽

Cell Parameters ◽

Cell Dimensions ◽

Approximate Estimation

SummaryIn an attempt to correlate the chemical compositions and cell sizes of omphacites and related pyroxenes, the cell dimensions of fifty-five analysed pyroxenes have been determined, or taken from the literature. Twenty-two of the chemical analyses are new, nineteen of them being done by electron microprobe. Approximately two-thirds of the total number of analyses may be considered first class, the remainder are of doubtful or unknown quality. Cell parameters, determined by X-ray powder diffraction methods, have errors of 0·1 % for the majority of samples, although for some samples taken from the literature errors are unknown.The majority of methods of recalculating omphacite analyses into their end-member molecules are unsuitable for correlation of cell constants with chemistry, mainly due to the impossibility of graphical representation of more than three end-member molecules, and to the non-stoichiometry of these molecules. Using a modification of Tröger's (1962) method of recalculating chloromelanite analyses the present analyses have been recalculated into the diopside-jadeite-acmite and diopside-jadeite-hedenbergite molecules and compared with their determined cell parameters. Because of the gradations in all parameters between these end-member molecules, determination of compositions based on the cell parameters (a, b, c, vol, or β) can only be made within wide limits. However, using a method of projection of compositions from the acmite and hedenbergite apices to the diopside-jadeite join the ratios of diopside to jadeite can be determined for most samples to within ±5 mol%. As there are the most important constituents of most omphacites, this method permits an approximate estimation of omphacite compositions. From a knowledge of the cell sizes of the omphacite a rough indication of the conditions of formation of its host rock may also be obtained.

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Copper Artifact Analysis with the X-Ray Spectrometer

American Antiquity ◽

10.2307/278383 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 234-238 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Edward J. Olsen

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Sampling Techniques ◽

Great Lakes Region ◽

Analytical Instrument ◽

X Ray ◽

Artifact Analysis ◽

Inherent Error ◽

European Trade

AbstractThe X-ray spectrometer method as an archaeological tool is discussed with special reference to its limitations as a chemical analytical instrument. Qualitative results are presented for six North American copper samples, one European trade brass, and nine artifacts from the Great Lakes region. From this pilot study it is concluded that the most fruitful results in the problem of the determination of provenance of copper artifacts will be obtained from semi-quantitative optical spectographic analyses of carefully collected artifacts and raw materials. The largest inherent error in this problem is that of meaningful sampling techniques. The only recourse is to treat such chemical data statistically and determine the probabilities that given specimens came from the various possible sources.

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Sorption of As (III) and Se (IV) from aqueous solutions for subsequent determination by total reflection X-ray fluorescence

Industrial laboratory Diagnostics of materials ◽

10.26896/1028-6861-2021-87-8-19-22 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 87 (8) ◽

pp. 19-22

Author(s):

D. G. Filatova ◽

A. A. Arkhipenko ◽

M. A. Statkus ◽

I. V. Mikheev ◽

V. B. Baranovskaya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Total Reflection ◽

Phase Contact Time ◽

Sorbent Phase ◽

X Ray ◽

Icp Ms ◽

Subsequent Determination ◽

Processed Products ◽

Branched Structure

An approach to the simultaneous isolation of As (III) and Se (IV) from solutions on a new S,N-containing sorbent followed by determination of the analyte in the sorbent phase using total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) has been proposed. To match the goal, a sorbent with a branched structure was synthesized on the base of polyacrylamide modified with formaldehyde and hydrogen sulfide. This is a heteroatomic copolymer containing sulfide bridges in the chain and crosslinking by a tertiary amine. Conditions for the quantitative co-extraction of As (III) and Se (IV), i.e., sorption in solutions of 1 M HNO3 with calcium ions present, heating to 60°C and phase contact time of 1 h were determined. The mechanism of sorption interaction of the analytes under specified conditions is discussed. It is shown that a 100-fold excess of iron, zinc and copper does not interfere with the extraction of analytes, thus providing the possibility of As (III) and Se (IV) isolation from different types of raw materials and processed products using the synthesized sorbent. A method for the direct XRF quantification of arsenic and selenium with sr 0.09 and 0.08, respectively, in the sorbent phase has been developed. The correctness of the results was confirmed by the ICP-MS method in analysis of aqueous reference solution after dissolution of the sorbate in HNO3 (1:1).

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