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2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
Shengtai Yan ◽  
Dezheng Yin ◽  
Fang He ◽  
Junmeng Cai ◽  
Thomas Schliermann ◽  
...  

In order to assess the possibility of silica production via smoldering of moist rice husk, experiments of washed (moist) rice husk (7 kg with moisture content of 51%) in a newly designed smoldering apparatus was performed. The temperature inside the fuel bed during smoldering was recorded, and characteristics of ash were analyzed. Results showed that the highest temperature in the middle of the naturally piled fuel bed was about 560.0 °C, lower than those in most of combustors. Some volatiles from the lower part of the fuel bed adhere to its upper ash during piled smoldering. Silica content and specific surface area of ash from smoldering of washed (moist) rice husk were 86.4% and 84.9 m2/g, respectively. Compared to our experiments, they are close to smoldering of unwashed rice husk (89.0%, 67.7 m2/g); different from muffle furnace burning (600 °C, 2 h) of washed (93.4%, 164.9 m2/g) and un-washed (90.2%, 45.7 m2/g) rice husk. The specific surface area is higher than those from most industrial methods (from 11.4 to 39.3 m2/g). After some improvements, the smoldering process has great potential in mass product of high quality silica directly from moist rice husk.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 510-513
Author(s):  
Ali Munawar ◽  
Djoko Mulyanto ◽  
R. R. Dina Asrifah

Zeolite is one of important non-metallic mineral deposites in Indonesia. It has been used for various purposes, including as an adsobent in environmental protection, industry, and agriculture. The most important characteristics of zeolit to be an adsorbent is its surface area and crystal structure. To optimally use zeolite as an adsorbent, it is necessary to understand its physical characteristics. This preliminary study was aimed to characterize physical properties of a natural zeolite obtained from Tasikmalaya, West Java, Indonesia. The zeolite material was crushed into <0.5 mm diameter and divided into two sets of samples. One set of samples was heated in a muffle furnace at 250 oC for two hours and the other set was left untreated. All samples were then observed using a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The SEM micrographs showed rough and porous structure and defined crystallinity of the zeolite. Thermal treatment at 250 oC increased zeolite crystallinity. These results confirm that this natural zeolite is potential to be used as an adsorbent to remove dissolved metals from acid mine drainage.


Author(s):  
Joko Sulistyo ◽  
Kadex Widhy Wirakusuma ◽  
Muh. Ikbal Rianto ◽  
Kamaluddin Kamaluddin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adnan M.Mahdi ◽  
Abbas F. Essa ◽  
Mohammed Kh. Khalf

Abstract In this research, Ti-6Al-4V alloy samples were coated with 4 gm strontium hydroxyapatite with 2 gm from chitosan and (2,4,6) gm from collagen and the samples heat treated at 150 ºC in muffle furnace for one hour under air atmosphere. The sample were tested by XRD,FTIR,SEM and corrosion test was also achieved. The samples were immersed in a laboratory prepared simulated body fluid (SBF) solution for two weeks, the samples treated at 150 ºC in muffle furnace for one hour under air atmosphere to get more bonding for new layer . The samples tested by XRD,FTIR,SEM and corrosion test was also achieved after immersing . The sample coated with 6 gm collagen showed maximum growth of hydroxyapatite formed from simulated body fluid SBF and corrosion characteristics was much improved.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Αντώνιος Νάζος

Πολλές πρόσφατες μελέτες έχουν επικεντρωθεί στη θερμικά προκατεργασμένη λιγνοκυτταρινούχο βιομάζα με σκοπό την υποκατάσταση των ορυκτών καυσίμων. Οι μελέτες αυτές ασχολήθηκαν με την αποδοτικότερη χρήση των ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας, για την διασφάλιση βιώσιμων πρότυπων στην παραγωγή και στην κατανάλωση, πετυχαίνοντας έτσι την εκπλήρωση των στόχων με αρ. 7 και αρ. 12 της Βιώσιμης Ανάπτυξης σύμφωνα με την ατζέντα των Ηνωμένων Εθνών για το 2030. Η χρήση ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας και ιδιαίτερα της βιομάζας είναι σημαντική λόγω των οικονομικών συντελεστών, καθώς η χρήση χαμηλού κόστους πηγών ενέργειας είναι πιο ελκυστική, ενισχύοντας έτσι τη διατήρηση ενός καθαρού περιβάλλοντος. Οι θερμικές εφαρμογές είναι οι πιο συνηθισμένες και καθιερωμένες χρήσεις της βιομάζας παγκοσμίως. Έχουν αναπτυχθεί αρκετά συστήματα θέρμανσης και ψύξης, με βάση τη βιομάζα, τα οποία είναι εμπορικά διαθέσιμα και οικονομικώς ανταγωνιστικά. Η βιομάζα χρησιμοποιείται με διάφορους τρόπους για την θέρμανση. Τα συστήματα θέρμανσης καλύπτουν ένα ευρύ φάσμα οικιακής θέρμανσης, από μια μονοκατοικία με λέβητες λίγων kW, έως εγκαταστάσεις λεβήτων πολλών kW στη βιομηχανία και την τηλεθέρμανση. Οι θερμικές μονάδες μεγάλης ισχύος μπορούν να συνδυάσουν τα ‘κύκλα ισχύος’ για την συμπαραγωγή θερμότητας και ηλεκτρικής ισχύος (CHP). Καινοτόμες τεχνολογίες όπως είναι ο Οργανικός Κύκλος Rankine (ORC) και η αεριοποίηση, μας προσφέρουν επίσης μια αποτελεσματική συμπαραγωγή. Η παρούσα διατριβή συμβάλλει στην έρευνα αυτή διερευνώντας την αύξηση της Ανώτερης Θερμογόνου Δύναμης (HHV) του άχυρου κριθαριού και σιταριού, μέσω της υγρής και της ξηρής φρύξης, για να χρησιμοποιηθούν αυτά ως στερεό καύσιμο σε συστήματα θέρμανσης και ψύξης. Συγκεκριμένα, στη διαδικασία της υγρής φρύξης διερευνάται η επίδραση του χρόνου, της θερμοκρασίας και της συγκέντρωσης του οξέος. Επιπλέον, για την προσαρμογή των πειραματικών δεδομένων εφαρμόστηκαν καινοτόμα κινητικά μοντέλα χρησιμοποιώντας έναν παράγοντα σοβαρότητας (Severity Factor, Rο) ο οποίος συνδυάζει την επίδραση του χρόνου αντίδρασης, της θερμοκρασίας και τηςσυγκέντρωσης του οξέος, στην περίπτωση μιας μη ισοθερμοκρασιακής διεργασίας. Ειδικότερα, η δυνατότητα βελτίωσης της HHV του άχυρου κριθαριού πραγματοποιήθηκε με (i) Ξηρή φρύξη, η οποία καλείται και απλά φρύξη, σε κλίβανο, και (ii) Καταλυόμενη από Οξύ Υγρή Φρύξη (ACWT), ή όξινη υδρόλυση ή υδροθερμική επεξεργασία καταλυόμενη από οξύ, που πραγματοποιήθηκε σε αντιδραστήρα διαλείποντος έργου τύπου αυτοκλείστου 3,75 L Parr 4553. Επίσης, μελετήθηκε το άχυρο σιταριού όσον αφορά την βελτίωση της HHV. Σε όλες τις περιπτώσεις, χρησιμοποιήθηκε θερμιδόμετρο Parr 1341 Plain Jacket Bomb για τη μέτρηση της HHV των δειγμάτων. Επίσης, τα δείγματα μελετήθηκαν με τη χρήση τηςτελικής (Ultimate) και προσεγγιστικής (Proximate) ανάλυσης, καθώς και με μικροσκόπιο ηλεκτρονικής σάρωσης (SEM).Όσον αφορά την προκατεργασία με ACWT, εφαρμόστηκαν δύο διαφορετικές προσεγγίσεις προσομοίωσης: (α) ο συνδυασμένος συντελεστής σοβαρότητας (CSF) και (β) η μεθοδολογία επιφανειακής απόκρισης (RSM) σύμφωνα με τον σχεδιασμό των πειραμάτων (DoE) κατά Box – Behnken. Εξετάστηκαν οι παράμετροι της ACWT, όπως η συγκέντρωσητου θειικού οξέος (SA), η θερμοκρασία και ο χρόνος. Όσον αφορά στην προκατεργασία με ξηρή φρύξη, μελετήθηκαν διάφορες πειραματικές συνθήκες, χρησιμοποιώντας πολλούς συνδυασμούς θερμοκρασίας και χρόνου σε έναν κλίβανο (Nuve Muffle Furnace). Επιπλέον, εφαρμόστηκαν καινοτόμα κινητικά μοντέλα για την προσαρμογή των πειραματικώνδεδομένων χρησιμοποιώντας τον CSF, ο οποίος συνδυάζει την επίδραση της θερμοκρασίας και του χρόνου στη διεργασία της φρύξης. Συμπερασματικά, η προκατεργασία με ACWT και ξηρή φρύξη των άχυρων κριθαριού και σιταριού αύξησε σημαντικά την HHV, στις βέλτιστες συνθήκες προκατεργασίας, με αποτέλεσμα την παραγωγή στερεού καυσίμου προερχόμενου από βιομάζα, το οποίο κρίθηκε κατάλληλο για χρήση σε συστήματα θέρμανσης και ψύξης, στο πλαίσιο της έννοιας της κυκλικής οικονομίας μηδενικών αποβλήτων.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 4040-4049

Silica has been produced from coconut coir and coconut shell because of the economic importance of coconut in India. The wastes are generated and disposed of indiscriminately while several are utilized for the energy source. The ash produced by burning them is usually discarded with a considerable amount of extractable silica present. Therefore, extraction of this silica was done using an environmentally friendly chemical approach to produce silica that could be used in several applications. The wastes were calcined at 700oC in a muffle furnace to get ash, treated with HCl to remove soluble metallic oxides, and after that sol-gelled to obtain silica gel. The gel was then dried at 65 oC for 24 hours and characterized using SEM, EDX, FT-IR, and XRD. Silica produced is amorphous with good absorbance potentials. The SEM micrographs show the particles in the Nano size range but with a high level of agglomeration.


JOM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Mathew ◽  
Mark A. Williams ◽  
Prakash Srirangam

AbstractPorosity in aluminum alloys is a great concern to the casting and automotive industry. In this publication, porosity formation in air-melted and vacuum induction melted (VIM) aluminum alloys was studied and compared to understand its effect on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-7Si alloys. Al-7Si alloys were cast at 700°C and 900°C in a muffle furnace and VIM furnace. Microstructural results show that the alloys cast in muffle furnace refined the eutectic silicon compared with the cast samples prepared in VIM furnace. X-ray computed tomography (XCT) was used for three-dimensional (3D) visualization and quantification of porosity in these alloys. The volume fraction of pores was observed to be higher in alloy air-melted at 900°C compared with 700°C. XCT results from VIM alloy samples showed no significant porosity when cast at either 700°C or 900°C. The morphology of large pores in alloys air-melted at 700°C represents the formation of shrinkage porosity due to the incomplete flow of molten metal during solidification. Tensile test results show that the elongation property of VIM alloy was increased by more than 20% compared with air-melted alloy. The tensile strength and elongation were observed to be higher for alloy samples cast at 700°C compared with 900°C for both air-melted and VIM alloys. The findings from microstructure, XCT, and tensile tests show that vacuum induction melting improves the mechanical properties of the alloy compared with air-melted alloy.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 657-661
Author(s):  
Arati P Dubewar ◽  
Uday Londhe ◽  
Medha S Kulkarni ◽  
Pradnya Kakodkar ◽  
Anupama R Dashetwar ◽  
...  

Introduction: In the present study, Praval is used as a raw material to form Praval Bhasma. Praval (Coral) is the calcareous skeleton of the minute marine organism called Anthezoa polypus and belongs to phylum coelenterate. It is a natural source of rich calcium widely used in Deepan, Pachan, Amlapitta Raktapitta, Yakshma, Kasa, Netra Roga and Hridaya Roga (1)and Calcium deficiency diseases etc. it is administered in the form of Bhasma and Pishti. Method: Shodhan of Praval is done in Sarjika kshara. The Pravala bhasma is prepared  by two different method by triturating it with Kumari Swaras and Guduchi Kashay  and incineration  in Muffle furnace. physico-chemical tests like Total Ash, Acid Insoluble Ash, Loss on Drying, and Qualitative analysis of praval bhasma by NPST (Namburi Phased Spot Test) are done. Result & conclusion: Praval bhasma prepared by two different medicines shows potency, efficacy for further clinical use.


Author(s):  
Amit Kumar Sharma ◽  
Reetesh Ramnani ◽  
Mukesh Chaudhari ◽  
Amit Mishra ◽  
Sanjay Kumar

Ayurveda is the science of life and longevity. Its main objective is to maintain the normal health of individuals and secondary is the cure of diseases. For maintaining health it advocates the wholesome diet and proper daily routine. If any disturbance occurs in health condition of individual it then advocates the medicines for cure. The medicines are of herbal, mineral and herbo-mineral in origin. Bhasmas are unique Ayurvedic preparations of metals/minerals formulated with herbal extracts or juices and used for the treatment of a variety of ailments. Bhasma is prepared by incinerating the metals and minerals. For incineration classical and modern methods are used. The Classical Method of Bhasma preparation is Puta and modern method is Electric Muffle Furnace. The herbal juices are used for levigation of powders of metals and minerals. Owing to their micro/ nano fineness, ease of administration and comparatively small dose, they have been known for their wide area of application and therapeutic value. Kasisa is mineral of Iron. It is placed under Uprasa in Rasashastra. Its Bhasma is widely used in different ailments. It is used in the treatment of Agnimandya, Arsha, Kashtartava, Gudabhramsha, Pandu, Shotha, Rajorodha, Yonivyapada. In the present study Kasisa bhasma was prepared as per the reference of Rasamruta and analysed using classical parameters.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Aleixo Aleixo Silva ◽  
Natália Carvalho ◽  
Ariane Aparecida Felix Pires ◽  
Elias Ricardo Durango Padilla ◽  
Ana Larissa Santiago Hansted ◽  
...  

Abstract Measuring the energy characteristics of solid biofuels can help to determine the most suitable species for combustion. The objective of this study is to propose a new methodology for determining the ignition time and flaming duration in lignocellulosic biomass. A muffle furnace was used, instead of an epiradiador, to measure the variables. The optimal oven temperature was defined according to the average time-to-ignition of biomasses in the literature. Ten biomasses were analyzed to obtain their high heating value, volatile matter, fixed carbon content, ash content, time-to-ignition, and flaming duration. The results showed a high correlation between the biomass volatile content, time-to-ignition, and flaming duration. In the literature, it is described that high levels of volatile materials accelerate the ignition of the material. Thus, the association between the volatile matter and the variables analyzed justifies the use of the muffle furnace methodology. Furthermore, biomasses with high levels of volatile matter have longer flaming durations than other solid biofuels.


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