scholarly journals Mycotoxins in Foods: Occurrence, Challenges and Management in Context of Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-159
Author(s):  
Prateek Joshi ◽  
Thanapoom Maneeboon ◽  
Chayanee Cheerakupt
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Government Regulations ◽  
Chronic Health ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Chronic Health Problems

Incidence of mycotoxins in principal foods and grains is a major threat to achieving food safety but still remains one of the most underrated and ignored sources for food borne diseases, particularly in less developed countries. Furthermore, food insecurity together with ineffective government regulations and environmental conditions that favor fungal proliferation and toxin production merge together to make the people’s life even harder in countries like Nepal. Apart from wasting huge quantities of food every year, mycotoxins are associated with various acute and chronic health disorders including carcinogenic, mutagenic, estrogenic, digestive, vascular and nervous defects. Staple diets in less developed countries like Nepal are largely based on crops like maize, susceptible to mycotoxins which may ultimately lead to chronic health problems in large population. Although there is an immediate need to address the food safety challenges caused by mycotoxin contamination in cereal grains, studies so far in Nepal has been conducted mainly in aflatoxins in limited commodities only and very less efforts have been made to manage and mitigate the problems caused by mycotoxins in Nepal. Therefore, a thorough control of mycotoxins in overall food chain is essential to safeguard the health of the population which could be achieved by implementing stricter regulations, modern and scientific post-harvest operations, effective monitoring programs and raising necessary awareness among stakeholders. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 9(3): 152-159.

Food Safety Standards, Trade & WTO

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khushdeep Dharni ◽  
Sonika Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Marine Products ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Food Safety Standards

With incidence of food-borne diseases, consumers have become more conscious of food safety. Share of high value food items in the export bounty from developing countries like India is on the rise. These high value food items such as fresh & processed fruits and vegetables, marine products, meat and its preparations are highly income elastic as well as sensitive from the viewpoint of food safety. Article 20 of GATT allows governments to act on trade in order to protect human, animal or plant life or health, provided they do not discriminate or use this as disguised protectionism. SPS Agreement sets out the basic rules concerning food safety and animal & plant health standards. It allows countries to set their own standards but also says that regulations must be based on science. With increased retail concentration ratio, large retailers in the developed countries are enforcing their own food safety standards and these standards are stringent as compared to standards of standard setting bodies of WTO. At times these standards are used for discrimination in international trade and are telling upon the exports from developing countries in terms of additional costs of compliance and lack of “harmonization” and difficulties in establishing “equivalence”. For the benefit of exporters from the developing countries and consumers of the developed countries, efforts must be made for encouraging harmonization in these private standards and reducing the resulting discrimination.

scholarly journals Ascaris lumbricoides: To Expect the Unexpected during a Routine Colonoscopy

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalyan Kanneganti ◽  
Jasbir S. Makker ◽  
Prospere Remy
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
African American ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Endoscopic Procedures ◽  
History Of ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals

Ascaris lumbricoidesis a common nematode infecting humans worldwide with increased prevalence in tropical and subtropical areas of less developed countries. Recently, it has been estimated that over one billion individuals are infected with ascariasis worldwide with 7% in USA. Although most of these cases are due to increasing immigration and travel outside America it is worth recognizing that prevalence of ascariasis is high in southeastern parts of USA due to their temperate climate. Infections ofA. lumbricoidesare largely asymptomatic, and hence a large population of people carrying this worm remains undetected for years until they develop some symptoms. Due to a large group of asymptomatic individuals with intestinal ascariasis, these worms are occasionally and unexpectedly identified during routine endoscopic procedures. Here, we present a case of an intestinal ascariasis found during routine colonoscopy in an African-American man from the Bronx with perianal itching. He denied any history of travel outside USA but reported frequent visits to South Carolina. This case illustrates the fact that ascariasis should be suspected even if immigration or travel outside USA is not involved. It should be suspected even in cases of travel within USA to the south east where endemic cases are reported.

Antecedents of the risk of recovery from DSM-III-R social phobia

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. DeWIT ◽  
A. OGBORNE ◽  
D. R. OFFORD ◽  
K. MacDONALD
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Median Length ◽  
Chronic Health ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Chronic Health Problems

Background. This study reports antecedents of recovery from DSM-III-R social phobia.Methods. Retrospective data were obtained from 1116 individuals age 15 to 64 participating in a large population health survey in the province of Ontario, Canada.Results. Approximately 50% of the sample recovered from their illness. Survival analysis revealed a median length of illness of 25 years with peak periods of risk of recovery occurring between 30 and 45 years duration. Using discrete time multivariate hazard regression analysis, statistically significant predictors of recovery from social phobia included: childhood social contextual factors (one or no childhood siblings, a small town childhood place of residence), characteristics of the disorder (onset past the age of 7, less than three disorder symptoms), an absence of co-morbid health-related conditions and psychiatric disorders (chronic health problems and major depression), and the occurrence of co-morbid chronic health problems and major depression prior to the onset of the disorder.Conclusions. Our data indicate that social phobia in the general population is a chronic and unremittent disorder. Determinants of recovery are rooted in distal childhood circumstances, disorder attributes, and the physical and mental health status of individuals over the life course.

'Restrictive Business Practices', report by the UNCTAD Secretariat, April 1972.

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-316
Author(s):  
G. M. Radhu
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
International Firms ◽  
The World ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
Financial Power ◽  
Administrative Structures

The report by the UNCTAD Secretariat, submitted to the third session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development held in Santiago (Chile) in April 1972, deals with the restrictive business practices of the multinational corporations with special reference to the export interests of the developing countries. Since the world war, there has been a tremendous growth in the size and activities of many international firms. They have grown from the national corporation to the multidivisional corporation and now to the multinational corporation. With each step they acquired greater financial power, better technology and know-how and more complex administrative structures. They have subsidiaries and branches all over the world. In the course of the sixties they became one of the dominant factors in determining the pattern of world trade. At the same time, their increasingly restrictive business practices, which tended to adversely affect world trade and the export interest of less developed countries, attracted the attention of the governments both in developed and less developed countries and serious concern was shown at the international level. It is against this background that the UNCTAD undertook the study on the question of restrictive business practices.

scholarly journals IoT based Smart Passenger Surveillance System for Airport

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.5) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
T. P.Deepa ◽  
Dr Pradeepa.P
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Airport Security ◽  
Smart Sensors ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
The Past ◽  
Remote Station ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

Airport security system is mandatory in all developing and developed countries. The major threat to any country’s economy, health and development is targeted and transported via airports which are evident from the past historical examples. The developments in Science and Technology have improved the methods of surveillance but failed to address few key health issues including privacy. The main objective of this paper is to develop a smart IOT based surveillance systems that is implemented in airport in smart screening without causing any unpleasant disturbances to the passengers. This paper makes use of the recently developed smart sensors, Tiva processor from Texas instruments connected via IOT and cloud and a remote station to effectively secure the airport area and overcoming all the real time challenges. 

Inverting the Pyramid of Values? Trends in Less-Developed Countries

2009 ◽  
Vol 90 (S3) ◽  
pp. 267-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Virginia Halter ◽  
Maria Cecilia Coutinho de Arruda
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Less Developed Countries
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