scholarly journals Application of Morishita Spread Index in the study of landslides from the Kulekhani watershed, central Nepal

2004 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahesh Singh Dhar ◽  
Megh Raj Dhital
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Gully Erosion ◽  
Statistical Tool ◽  
Central Nepal ◽  
The Future ◽  
Cluster Type ◽  
Landslide Distribution

The Kulekhani watershed was severely affected by sedimentation, landslides, and gully erosion in 1993. The sediments produced were ultimately supplied to the reservoir decreasing its gross storage capacity. A statistical tool, called   Morishita Spread Index, was applied to detect the landslide distribution pattern in the watershed. Morishita Spread Index was greater than 1 and decreased with increasing mesh scale. Such a trend indicates a cluster-type of distribution pattern. The landslides are concentrated mainly in the gullies and streams, and there is a high probability that landslides will continue to occur there in the future.

Autonomous Decentralized FMS and its Efficient AGVs Control

2012 ◽  
Vol 516 ◽  
pp. 539-544
Author(s):  
Hidehiko Yamamoto ◽  
Takayoshi Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Conventional System ◽  
Hypothetical Reasoning ◽  
Reasoning Process ◽  
Automatic Guided Vehicles ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Competing Hypotheses ◽  
Production Situation

This paper describes Autonomous Decentralized FMS (AD-FMS) and its method to control automatic guided vehicles (AGVs) by using a memory. The aim is to increase the reasoning efficiency of a system the authors call reasoning to anticipate the future (RAF) which controls AGVs in AD-FMS. This RAF applies hypothetical reasoning to the number of next actions that can be considered for the AGV (competing hypotheses). However, if the number of agents included in the hypothetical reasoning process in the RAF is increased, the number of next actions that are considered as competing hypotheses also increases. As a result, the replacement of true and false hypotheses and number of repetitions of discrete production simulations produced by these replacements are increased, giving rise to the problem of decreased reasoning efficiency of the RAF. The present article reports a method to solve these problems. The reported method, the authors call ranking by oblivion and memory (ROM), is based on the idea that when a production situation occurs that is the same as one in the past, the same destination as in the past is more likely to be selected; that is, it has a high probability of being selected as the true hypothesis. By applying the ROM to AD-FMSs constructed on a computer, it was found that under all conditions the ROM reduced the number of hypothesis replacements to half that of a conventional system, demonstrating the validity of this system.

Horizontal Crowdfunding Platforms

2017 ◽  
pp. 127-139
Author(s):  
Tomaso Greco
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Case History ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Closed Set ◽  
The Future ◽  
Socio Economic Impact

In recent years arose a multitude of crowdfunding platforms of different nature and with different goals. In this chapter some peculiar aspects of crowdfunding platforms will be examined, both in terms of their socio-economic impact and in terms of the exogenous and endogenous system of rules with which they interact. Crowdfunding is not governed exclusively by the rules of law and the regulations of the platforms that host it. Every campaign involves the construction of a community, with its specific rules, that are in part pre-established by the campaign creator and in part the result of the interaction of the community. However, these rules do not live in a closed set, building a case history to which the future campaigns will not necessarily have to conform, but with high probability they will use as a parameter. Although it is not possible to identify the rules that are common to all the crowdfunding campaigns, could be observed an evolution mostly harmonic between different campaigns with respect to the methods, the mechanisms of involvement and, of course, the rules.

Assessment of Reservoir Storage Capacity Loss and Investigating the Effects of Climate Variability on Reservoir Sedimentation in Italy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Epari Ritesh Patro ◽  
Carlo De Michele
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Hydrological Modeling ◽  
Sediment Load ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Hydropower Plant ◽  
Reservoir Sedimentation ◽  
Capacity Loss ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Future

<p>Reservoir sedimentation has a prominent impact on the hydropower performance in the future and is a growing concern for hydropower stakeholders. Sedimentation caused by soil erosion is influenced by various parameters. Reservoir sedimentation is one of the most challenging problems that affect hydroelectric production since it overall causes a reduction of the reservoir capacity that overcomes the annual increase in storage volume and implies a dangerous net loss of energy. The first part of this study examined various Italian reservoirs (50 dams) to determine sedimentation rates and storage capacity loss based on available bathymetric surveys. All the reservoirs studied here have reached an average age of 74 years as of 2019, with the highest loss of capacity observed at 90% and the highest annual sediment yield of 2471 m<sup>3</sup>/km<sup>2</sup>/year. Out of all the reservoirs studied, 25% of them already have reached their half-life as of 2019. The second part of this study extended the work to the specific case study of the Ceppo Morelli hydropower plant. The study was carried out to analyse the water-sediment interaction, future sediment load and prioritizing of critical soil erosion areas using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The distinguishing feature of this work lies in the possibility to exploit remote sensing data (i.e. actual/potential evapotranspiration) to successfully calibrate hydrological models in scarce data regions. Simulation results indicated that the discharge and sediment load entering Ceppo Morelli reservoir will decline and the rate of reduction of latter is higher than that of former for all the future climate scenarios implemented. This analysis will provide a starting point for management and prioritization of adaptation and remediation policies for addressing the issue of reservoir sedimentation. These results are part of the RELAID project funded through PRIN-Italy. The aim of this project is to integrate updated knowledge on hydrologic, hydraulics, and sedimentation processes to address the water and flood risk management of impounded Italian rivers through a holistic paradigm.</p><p>Keywords: reservoir sedimentation; hydropower; hydrological modeling; RELAID; Italy</p>

scholarly journals Chaos or ReOrder? The Future of Hegemony in a World-System in Upheaval

2005 ◽  
pp. 209-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Karl Rennstich
Keyword(s):  
Future Development ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
High Probability ◽  
System Development ◽  
World System ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Global System ◽  
Distributional Patterns ◽  
The Future

Observing the latest trends of a rise in interest in the development of power distribution in a world-system created and dominated by states but increasingly challenged as such, this paper takes a deeper look at the historical evolution of this system, its current transformation, and likely future development. After a brief discussion of prevalent concepts of world(-)system development and its socio-political control, this work offers an evolutionary perspective to place current changes of power and its distribution in the dynamic long-term development of global system formation. It then presents alternative visions of the future development of political and economic hegemony. It concludes that a further rise in instability of global political power distribution accompanied by a likely challenge to existing distributional patterns has a high probability of occurrence.

scholarly journals Section 24C: Indicators regarding the certainty of the incurral of future expenditure

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-193
Author(s):  
Lizelle Calitz ◽  
Linda Van Zyl
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Contingent Liability ◽  
The Future

Section 24C of the Income Tax Act No. 58 of 1962 provides for a deduction of future expenditure that will be incurred by the taxpayer in the performance of his obligations under a contract from which the taxpayer derived income. The objective of this article is to compile a list of indicators demonstrating when there will be certainty that future expenditure will be incurred as aforementioned. The conclusion reached is that a definite connection must exist between the incurral of the future expenditure and the obligation to perform under the contract. Further, conditions and warranties are contractual terms that indicate that there is uncertainty regarding the taxpayer’s obligations to perform under the contract. A time clause in a contract and a high probability that the taxpayer will perform an unconditional obligation under a contract, however, both indicate that there is certainty regarding the incurral of future expenditure. A contingent liability to pay for future expenditure or if the future expenditure is unquantified are not indicators as to whether there is certainty that the future expenditure will be incurred.

scholarly journals Populationsutveckling hos svarthakad buskskvätta Saxicola rubicola under expansionens inledningsskede i Västsverige

Ornis Svecica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reino Andersson
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
The West ◽  
Coastal Heath ◽  
The Future ◽  
Bird Fauna ◽  
Good For ◽  
One Year

With its 25 confirmed breeding records between 2000 and 2015, the European Stonechat Saxicola rubicola is historically a rare bird in Sweden. The first breeding in the West Coast was found in 2014. Censuses performed in 2017 and 2018 revealed 28 and 30 breedings respectively. Out of 83 investigated territories, most were found in coastal heath-lands in Halland. The arrival occurred in the turn of the month March–April and the majority of the males consisted of one year old birds (2Y). Fledgling date for 68 clutches were distributed from May to August. Second clutches were observed for ten out of 32 investigated breedings. The Swedish expansion should be seen in the context of Danish immigration in combination with a large-scale advance via the German Schleswig-Holstein area. The European Stonechat belongs to those advancing species that are expected to increase according to predictions regarding the future bird fauna. Due to warmer climate, plenty of appropriate biotopes and high probability of reproduction, the conditions are good for a continued expansion in southern Sweden.

scholarly journals A look into the future of blockchain technology

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0258995
Author(s):  
Daniel Levis ◽  
Francesco Fontana ◽  
Elisa Ughetto
Keyword(s):  
High Probability ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Probability Of Occurrence ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Delphi Approach ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
The Future

In this paper, we use a Delphi approach to investigate whether, and to what extent, blockchain-based applications might affect firms’ organizations, innovations, and strategies by 2030, and, consequently, which societal areas may be mainly affected. We provide a deep understanding of how the adoption of this technology could lead to changes in Europe over multiple dimensions, ranging from business to culture and society, policy and regulation, economy, and technology. From the projections that reached a significant consensus and were given a high probability of occurrence by the experts, we derive four scenarios built around two main dimensions: the digitization of assets and the change in business models.

scholarly journals Depositional and erosional landforms in the Lothar Khola watershed, Central Nepal

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Dangol ◽  
P. D. Ulak
Keyword(s):  
Debris Flows ◽  
Sediment Accumulation ◽  
Friction Angle ◽  
Mass Movements ◽  
Residual Soils ◽  
Landslide Area ◽  
Land Use Pattern ◽  
Central Nepal ◽  
Slide Area ◽  
Landslide Distribution

The high intensity rainfall of 19 and 20 July 1993 triggered off a large number of mass movements in the Lothar Khola watershed of Central Nepal. Most of the slides were reactivated on highly fractured and weathered rocks during the downpour. Among more than 40 landslides encountered in the watershed, the large rockslides were found at Purbangkhani, Karse, and Loling. A detailed study of landslide distribution in the watershed revealed that mos t of the landslides (about 65 % of the total landslide area) occurred on slopes ranging from 26 to 40°. These slopes were nearly equal to or a little steeper than the internal friction angle of constituting soil or rock mass. According to land use pattern, more than two thirds of the landslide area fell in the forestland and there were no landslides on the grassland. Similarly, rockslides were concentrated (about 53% of the total rockslide area) on slopes covered by slates and phyllites. On the other hand, an overwhelming majority of soil slides (more than 85% of the total soil slide area) occurred on residual soils. Debris flows were also very common in the Lothar Khola watershed. During the debris flow, from 1 to 3 m deepening of the riverbed was observed in many erosional zones whereas the sediment accumulation reached up to 4 m in the depositional zones.

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