scholarly journals Assessment of the Socio-Economic Status of Apartments in Kathmandu Valley

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 9-19
Author(s):  
Archana Bade Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Urban Population ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income ◽  
Urban Fringe ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Commercial Activity ◽  
High Interest Rate ◽  
Growing Population

Nepal is urbanising at a rapid pace. According to CBS 2011 the urban population accounts for 17% and Kathmandu valley shares the highest urban population. The growing population has put immense pressure on land and housing situation in Kathmandu Valley. Apartments came into picture to accommodate the growing population in the less horizontal space of land but all income groups of people could not afford and access to the facilities and space provided in the apartments.  The current scenario in Kathmandu valley depicts that the developers make investments in construction of apartments as a commercial activity rather than to upgrade housing scenario. Despite, due to the high interest rate, formal collateral in the form of land and house and high income of people to repay loans preferred by commercial banks, the economically weaker section and lower income group of people are not eligible to proceed for the loan. The high cost of Apartment units is beyond affordability of EWS and LIG. The rapid increment of population concentration on primate cities like Kathmandu has led to scarcity of land to accommodate the increasing migrants and not only that, it has resulted in the unhygienic condition of living, suffocating and deteriorating urban environment. As a result, the high income group are moving in the urban fringe and it’s always the poor who are trapped in the vulnerable core cities of Kathmandu. The residential shift of rich people to urban fringe has led to the adhoc development with social disparity and inequity amongst the people living in the same areas.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Environmental Efficiency and Environmental Pollution Treatment Efficiency in China’s Industrial Sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Ning Li ◽  
Ying Feng ◽  
Pei-Ying Wu ◽  
Yung-Ho Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
High Income ◽  
Environmental Efficiency ◽  
Technical Level ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Groups

This research adopts the meta Dynamic Directional Distance Functions (DDF) model in order to calculate the environmental efficiency and environmental governance efficiency of China’s industrial sector from 2010 to 2017 from the overall, sub-regional, and sub-provincial perspectives and discusses the technical gaps in regional environmental pollution control and the reasons for ineffective environmental governance. The research results show that the overall level of environmental governance efficiency in China’s industrial sector is relatively high over this time period, and the group frontier calculation results have improved compared to the meta frontier. The actual technical level of the high-income group is closest to the potential technical level, and the upper-middle income group is still far from the potential technical level. The main reason for the ineffective environmental governance of the provinces in the high-income group is ineffective management, while the main reason for ineffective environmental governance of the provinces in the upper-middle-income groups is technical inefficiency. Regardless of high-income groups or upper-middle-income groups, each province’s inefficiency of environmental governance is caused by inefficiency of the input factors.

International perspectives on inpatient mental health care

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Andrew Molodynski
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Mental Health Care ◽  
Inpatient Care ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
International Perspectives

Inpatient care varies enormously, both between countries and regions and within them. These variations are most stark when based on economic factors, but stigma, prevailing societal attitudes, and the role of the family also play a significant part in the amount and quality of mental health care overall. This chapter begins by outlining global economic factors and their impact on provision. It then focuses on the concept of a whole systems approach, looking briefly at the evidence base for different components of services generally seen in high-income group countries. Alternative suggestions to ‘high-income group’ models are discussed as the evidence internationally emanates almost exclusively from a small number of wealthy westernized countries. The chapter ends with a section looking at several internationally important themes in inpatient care and outlining examples of differences between countries in challenges and in solutions to what is one of the longest standing issues in mental health care: how to provide humane, effective inpatient care to those who need it (and not to those who do not).

scholarly journals Can income-based co-payment rates improve disparity? The case of the choice between brand-name and generic drugs

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Ito ◽  
Konan Hara ◽  
Byung-Kwang Yoo ◽  
Jun Tomio ◽  
Yasuki Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income ◽  
Medical Expenditure ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Additional Payment ◽  
Brand Name Drugs ◽  
Payment Rate

Abstract Background Higher income population tend to prefer brand-name to generic drugs, which may cause disparity in access to brand-name drugs among income groups. A potential policy that can resolve such disparity is imposing a greater co-payment rate on high-income enrollees. However, the effects of such policy are unknown. We examined how patients’ choice between brand-name and generic drugs are affected by the unique income-based co-payment rates in Japan; 10% for general enrollees and 30% for those with high income among the elderly aged 75 and over. Methods We drew on cross-sectional price variation among commonly prescribed 311 drugs using health insurance claims data from a large prefecture in Japan between October 2013 and September 2014 to identify between-income-group differences in responses to differentiated payments. Results Running 311 multivariate logistic regression models controlling individual demographics, the median estimate indicated that high-income group was 3% (odds ratio = 0.97) less likely to choose a generic drug than the general-income group and the interquartile estimates ranged 0.92–1.02. The multivariate feasible generalized least squares model indicated high-income group’s higher likelihood to choose brand-name drugs than the general-income group without co-payment rate differentiation (p < 0.001). Such gap in the likelihood was attenuated by 0.4% (p = 0.027) with an US$1 increase in the difference in additional payment/month for brand-name drugs between income groups — no gap with US$10 additional payment/month. This attenuation was observed in drugs for chronic diseases only, not for acute diseases. Conclusions Income-based co-payment rates appeared to reduce disparity in access to brand-name drugs across income groups, in addition to reducing total medical expenditure among high-income group who shifted from brand-name drugs to generic ones due to larger drug price differences.

scholarly journals Long-Term Effect of Income Level on Mortality after Stroke: A Nationwide Cohort Study in South Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8348
Author(s):  
Seungmin Jeong ◽  
Sung-il Cho ◽  
So Yeon Kong
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Income Level ◽  
High Income ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Stroke Mortality ◽  
Stroke Event ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Medical Aid ◽  
Post Stroke

We investigated whether income level has long-term effects on mortality rate in stroke patients and whether this varies with time after the first stroke event, using the National Health Insurance Service National Sample Cohort data from 2002 to 2015 in South Korea. The study population was new-onset stroke patients ≥18 years of age. Patients were categorized into Category (1) insured employees and Category (2) insured self-employed/Medical Aid beneficiaries. Each category was divided into three and four income level groups, retrospectively. The study population comprised of 11,668 patients. Among the Category 1 patients (n = 7720), the low-income group’s post-stroke mortality was 1.15-fold higher than the high-income group. Among the Category 2 patients (n = 3948), the lower income groups had higher post-stroke mortality than the high-income group (middle-income, aOR (adjusted odds ratio) 1.29; low-income, aOR 1.70; Medical Aid beneficiaries, aOR 2.19). In this category, the lower income groups’ post-stroke mortality risks compared to the high-income group were highest at 13–36 months after the first stroke event(middle-income, aOR 1.52; low-income, aOR 2.31; Medical Aid beneficiaries, aOR 2.53). Medical Aid beneficiaries had a significantly higher post-stroke mortality risk than the high-income group at all time points.

scholarly journals Karakteristik Istri Nelayan Dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Pendapatan Keluarga Pesisir Pantura Di Desa King-King Kecamatan Tuban Kabupaten Tuban [Characteristics of Fishermen’s Wife in an Effort to Increase the Revenue of the Pantura Coastal Family in King-King Village, Tuban District, Tuban Regency]

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Siti Alfaniatur Rokhmah ◽  
Yuyun Suprapti ◽  
Miftachul Munir ◽  
Miftachul Munir
Keyword(s):  
Income Group ◽  
High Income ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Family Needs ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Household Economies ◽  
Selection Of

AbstrakKetidakpastian pendapatan yang diperoleh oleh kepala keluarga sebagai nelayan di masyarakat pesisir mendorong anggota rumah tangga yaitu istri dan anak bekerja agar dapat membantu memenuhi kebutuhan hidup rumah tangga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana peranan istri nelayan dalam meningkatkan perekonomian rumah tangga dan seberapa besarkah kontribusi perempuan di dalam rumah tangga. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode survei. Pengambilan responden dilakukan secara purposive sampling. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif kualitatif. Pengambilan data diikuti dengan identifikasi responden istri nelayan yang mempunyai aktifitas dalam membantu mencari nafkah, kuisioner berisi aktifitas istri nelayan dan kontribusi pendapatan dari hasil kuisioner kemudian data ditabulasi berdasarkan aktifitas dan pendapatan dilanjutkan analisa data. Hasil dari penelitian ini bahwa 30 responden istri nelayan menunjukkan berpenghasilan high income group (> Rp. 900.000,-/bulan) sebanyak 23 (76,66%) dan berpenghasilan midle income group (Rp.450.000 – Rp.900.000/bulan) sebanyak 7 (3,33 %). Secara berurutan kontribusi istri nelayan di Desa King-king adalah berdagang (57 %), buruh karyawan (13 %), pengusaha (7 %), pembantu rumah tangga (10 %), dan serabutan (13 %). Meningkatkan peran istri dalam bekerja merupakan salah satu usaha strategis saat ini untuk meningkatkan pendapatan rumah tangga dan membantu mencukupi kebutuhan keluarga. AbstractThe uncertainty of income earned by family heads as fishermen in coastal communities encourages other household members, such as wives and children to work in order to help fulfill the household’s daily needs. This study aims to determine how the role of fishermen’s wife in improving household economies and how much women contribute to the household. Research methods use the survey method. The selection of respondents used purposive sampling. Data were analyzed qualitatively descriptively. Data collection was followed by identification of respondents of fishermen’s wife who had activities in helping to earn a living, questionnaires containing activities of fishermen’s wife and contribution of income from questionnaires then data tabulated based on activities and income followed by data analysis. The results of this study show that 30 respondents of fishermen’s wives showed a high-income group (> Rp. 900,000 / month) of 23 (76.66%) and a middle-income income group (Rp.450,000 - Rp.900,000 / month) of 7 (3.33%). Sequentially the contribution of fishermen’s wives in King-king Village is to trade (57%), employee labor (13%), entrepreneurs (7%), housemaids (10%), and odd jobs (13%). Increasing the wife’s role in work is one of the current strategic efforts to increase household income and help meet family needs.

scholarly journals Prevalence and determinants of using complementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of chronic illnesses: A multicenter study in Bangladesh

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262221
Author(s):  
Md. Shahjalal ◽  
Samar Kishor Chakma ◽  
Tanvir Ahmed ◽  
Irin Yasmin ◽  
Rashidul Alam Mahumud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Chronic Illness ◽  
Alternative Medicine ◽  
Complementary And Alternative Medicine ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income ◽  
Chronic Illnesses ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Complementary And Alternative

Background While conventional medicine (CM) is commonly used to treat non-communicable diseases (NCDs), complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is gaining popularity as a healthcare option in Bangladesh. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with using CAM solely and using CAM in conjunction with CM for chronic illness treatment among NCD patients in Bangladesh. Methods A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted, including 549 adults with a confirmed chronic illness diagnosis from three tertiary care hospitals in Dhaka city. Interviews were used to gather socio-demographic data, while medical records were used to get information on chronic illnesses. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to determine the associated factors of utilizing CAM primarily and CAM use in conjunction with CM to manage the chronic disease. Results Out of 549 NCD patients (282 women [51.4%], mean [standard deviation] age 45.4 [12.8] years), 180 (32.8%) ever used CAM for the treatment of chronic illness. Also, 15.3% of patients exclusively used CAM among the NCD patients, while 17.5% used CAM in conjunction with CM. Homeopathy medicine was the most prevalent type of treatment among CAM users (52.2%). Furthermore, 55.5% of CAM users said they used it due to its less adverse effects, and 41.6% trusted its effectiveness for chronic illness. Elderly patients (≥60 years) preferred CAM in complementary with CM, but they did not rely only on CAM. According to the multinomial regression analysis, unmarried patients, predominantly in the younger age group, adopted CAM significantly for chronic illness treatment (Relative risk ratio, RRR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.12–0.71, reference = Unmarried). Patients in the high-income group used CAM in conjunction with CM (RRR = 6.26, 95% CI = 1.35–18.90, reference: low-income), whereas patients in the high-income group did not rely on CAM alone (RRR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.34–2.85). Conclusion Although CM remains the mainstream of health care in Bangladesh, CAM services play an essential role in people’s health care, particularly in treating chronic illnesses. Physicians of Bangladesh should be aware that their patients may be using other services and be prepared to ask and answer questions regarding the risks and benefits of using CAM in addition to regular medical care. Thus, clinicians required to follow best-practice guidelines, which are currently not practiced in Bangladesh, when disseminating information regarding integrative techniques that combine CM and CAM approaches.

scholarly journals Smoking Behavior in Low- and High-Income Adults Immediately Following California Proposition 56 Tobacco Tax Increase

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 868-870
Author(s):  
Courtney Keeler ◽  
Wendy Max ◽  
Tingting Yao ◽  
Yingning Wang ◽  
Xueying Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Income ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Smoking Intensity ◽  
Tobacco Tax ◽  
System Data

Objectives. To compare the association of California Proposition 56 (Prop 56), which increased the cigarette tax by $2 per pack beginning on April 1, 2017, with smoking behavior among low- and high-income adults. Methods. Drawing on a sample of 17 206 low-income and 21 324 high-income adults aged 21 years or older from the 2012 to 2018 California Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data, we explored 2 outcomes: current smoking prevalence and smoking intensity (average number of cigarettes per day among current smokers). For each income group, we estimated a multivariable logistic regression to analyze the association of Prop 56 with smoking prevalence and a multivariable linear regression to analyze the association of Prop 56 with smoking intensity. Results. Although we observed no association between smoking intensity and Prop 56, we found a statistically significant decline in smoking prevalence among low-income adults following Prop 56. No such association was found among the high-income group. Conclusions. Given that low-income Californians smoke cigarettes at greater rates than those with higher incomes, our results provide evidence that Prop 56 is likely to reduce income disparities in cigarette smoking in California.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document