scholarly journals Climate Change and Possible Impacts on Travel and Tourism Sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
Ritika KC ◽  
Ija Giri ◽  
Udhab Raj Khadka
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Poor Country ◽  
Ecological Gradient ◽  
Travel And Tourism ◽  
Outburst Floods ◽  
Glacial Lake Outburst Floods ◽  
Livelihood Options ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Whitewater Rafting ◽  
The Impact

Nepal is a diverse country with lowlands of Terai to the highest mountains attracting many tourists and visitors to make visits. So, the tourism in Nepal is primarily nature-based as tourists are mostly attracted by the spectacular landscapes, majestic mountains, glaciers, lakes, rivers and biodiversity across its diverse ecological gradient. Mountaineering, trekking, whitewater rafting and jungle safari tours are the main forms of nature-based tourism activities in our country. Climate change is affecting Nepal in a number of ways and the travel and tourism sector cannot remain untouched. Various studies on climate change shows increased weather uncertainties and extremities resulting into long dry period and intense rain during monsoon leading to increased water induced disasters like floods, inundation, landslides, cloudburst floods, and glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) which are projected to continue in future as well. This has affected natural landscapes, and Himalayas influencing every walk of life and livelihood options. Though the impacts of climate change can be observed in the whole world, poor country like Nepal is likely to suffer most due to limited resources to cope with and adapt to the effects of climate change. In this paper, an effort has been made to review the impact of climate change on the travel and tourism sector in Nepal through the study of previous literatures on climate changes.  

What’s in a lake? Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in the Peruvian Andes.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Wood ◽  
Stephan Harrison ◽  
Ryan Wilson ◽  
Neil Glasser ◽  
John Reynolds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Glacial Lake ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Glacier Recession ◽  
Outburst Floods ◽  
Glacial Lake Outburst Floods ◽  
Lake Systems ◽  
Physical Components

<p>Climate change is resulting in mass loss and the retreat of glaciers in the Andes, exposing steep valley sides, over-deepened valley bottoms, and creating glacial lakes behind moraine dams. Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) present the biggest risk posed by glacier recession in Peru. Understanding the characteristics of lakes that have failed in the past will provide an aid to identifying those lakes that might fail in the future and narrow down which lakes are of greatest interest for reducing the risks to local vulnerable populations. </p><p>Using a newly created lake inventory for the Peruvian Andes (Wood et al., in review) and a comprehensive GLOF inventory (unpublished) we investigate lakes from which GLOFs have occurred in the past. This is to establish which physical components of the glacial lake systems are common to those lakes that have failed previously and which can be identified remotely, easily and objectively, in order to improve existing methods of hazard assessment.</p>

scholarly journals Climate change and the global pattern of moraine-dammed glacial lake outburst floods

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Harrison ◽  
Jeffrey S. Kargel ◽  
Christian Huggel ◽  
John Reynolds ◽  
Dan H. Shugar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Dam Failure ◽  
Glacial Lake ◽  
Glacier Recession ◽  
Outburst Floods ◽  
Glacial Lake Outburst Floods ◽  
Lake Formation ◽  
Recent Climate ◽  
Moraine Dam Failure

Abstract. Despite recent research identifying a clear anthropogenic impact on glacier recession, the effect of recent climate change on glacier-related hazards is at present unclear. Here we present the first global spatio-temporal assessment of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) focusing explicitly on lake drainage following moraine dam failure. These floods occur as mountain glaciers recede and downwaste and many have an enormous impact on downstream communities and infrastructure. Our assessment of GLOFs associated with the collapse of moraine-dammed lakes provides insights into the historical trends of GLOFs and their distributions under current and future global climate change. We observe a clear global increase in GLOF frequency and their regularity around 1930, which likely represents a lagged response to post-Little Ice Age warming. Notably, we also show that GLOF frequency and their regularity – rather unexpectedly – has declined in recent decades even during a time of rapid glacier recession. Although previous studies have suggested that GLOFs will increase in response to climate warming and glacier recession, our global results demonstrate that this has not yet clearly happened. From assessment of the timing of climate forcing, lag times in glacier recession, lake formation and moraine dam failure, we predict increased GLOF frequencies during the next decades and into the 22nd century.

scholarly journals Regional cooperation: Key to climate change adaptation in HKH region

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
D. C. Devkota
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Outburst Floods ◽  
Glacier Melting ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Growing Economy ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
The Impact

Hind Kush Himalayan (HKH) region is shared by eight countries namely: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan, and extends nearly east-west direction covering about approximately 3500 km. Since the region has both the fastest growing economy and the poorest countries, regional cooperation has become a necessity to sustain current rate of economic growth, continue with the efforts for poverty reduction, and meeting the challenges of achieving the millennium development goals (MDG) against the backdrop of climate change, to which the region is quite vulnerable. The average temperature in the HKH region is rising with changes in precipitation occurring across the region. The impact of climate change has been felt across the region, beyond national boundaries. Droughts, flash floods, and torrential rains in Afghanistan; glacial lakes outburst floods in Nepal; rapid glacier melting in Bhutan; flooding, and cyclones in Bangladesh; temperature rise and declining ground water table in India; and flooding in Pakistan are in increasing trend. This situation calls for a joint collaborative initiatives at the regional level to make and implement effective adaptation measures in order to protect fragile mountain ecosystem and age-old tradition and practices for sustainable development of region. There are two major barriers related to adaptation and governance issues, which under certain circumstance also need regional cooperation to solve. Since China and India are the fastest growing economic powers, it is high time that they take a collective lead role and the rest of the countries share ...

scholarly journals Travel and Tourism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Consumer Behaviour ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Travel And Tourism ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Political Expediency ◽  
History Of

The travel and tourism sector was hit more rapidly and deeply by COVID-19 than most other sectors. Recovery to pre-COVID-19 activity levels is likely to be prolonged, and questions are raised whether enforced change in consumer behaviour will have long-term effects. The travel and tourism sector has a history of reinventing itself, and previous predictions of decline following crises have often been short-lived. This chapter reviews historical precedents and theories of consumer behaviour to explore whether recovery will be different this time round, especially given the possible habit breaking effects of online substitutes, and political expediency of reducing causes of climate change.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF THE PANDEMIC ON THE TOURISM BUSINESS

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1(21)) ◽  
pp. 17-21
Author(s):  
Goderdzi Shanidze
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Currency ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Travel And Tourism ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Near Future

If Pandemic has had an impact on any business it’s primarily a tourism business. Other businesses have a very close relation with this business and therefore they have been affected as well. As you know, the world travel and tourism market is expected to have lost more than 75.2 million jobs by 2020. According to the UNWTO, small and medium-sized enterprises were most affected. Their share in the tourism sector is 80%. Coronavirus will have a special impact on the countries whose economy accounts for a large share of tourism and whose economic growth is largely due to the tourism sector, and Georgia is also among them. According to the Georgian government, Georgia will develop the tourism sector in the near future, of course, in compliance with the safety standard and taking into account the recommendations. Tourism is the sector that has received the hardest and first blow due to the crisis and which, in addition to being one of the most important driving forces of the country's economy in recent years, the sector has a competitive advantage that can contribute to the economic development of Georgia in the post-crisis pandemic economy. Tourism is one of the largest spheres in the world, and its development is conditioned by the safe environment of the country, economic and political stability. It creates jobs and helps increase incomes for the population. International tourism contributes to the inflow of foreign currency into the country and affects the social and cultural environment of the country. That is why it is important to bring the tourism business out of the crisis.

Glacial Lake Outburst Floods Early Warning System to save lives and livelihood of the Nepal Himalaya communities: A case Study of Imja Glacial Lake, Nepal 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Kc ◽  
Top Khatri ◽  
Rishiram Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Glacial Lake ◽  
Glacial Lakes ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Outburst Floods ◽  
Glacial Lake Outburst Floods

<p>Nepal, a mountainous country, is experiencing multiple disasters, majority of which are induced by Climate Change. Erratic rainfall, extremely high temperature during summer, cold waves are some of them. Nepal will experience the impacts of climate change through an increase in temperature, more frequent heat waves and shorter frost durations in the future (5AR IPCC). Nepal is witnessing the increased maximum temperature of 0.56<sup>o</sup>C per decade and the increment of the temperature is even higher in the mountain region (ICIMOD 2019). One of the major impacts of Climate Change among others, is glacier retreat and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFS). Nepal has already experienced more than 26 GLOFS (UNDP and ICIMOD 2020), originated both from Nepal and China, Tibet.</p><p>The Imja Glacial Lake is located at 27° 53′ 55“ N latitude, 86° 55’ 20” E longitude and at an altitude of 5010 m in Everest Region of Nepal Himalayas.  Imja was identified during 1960s as a small supra lake, was later expanded to an area of <strong>1.28 Km<sup>2</sup></strong>, <strong>148.9 meter deep</strong>, holding <strong>75.2 million cubic meters </strong>of water in 2014.   Lake lowering by 3.4 metres and establishment of early warning system was done in 2016 by the Government of Nepal and UNDP with the support of Global Environment Facility.  Hydro-met stations & GLOF Sensors in the periphery and downstream  of Imja Lake and automated early warning sirens in six prime settlements in the  downstream of Imja  watershed  linking with  dynamic SMS Alert system along 50 km downstream of Imja Dudh Koshi River have been have been linked with community-based DRM institutions at local government level. This initiative is important for preparedness and response of GLOF Risk Reduction in the Imja Valley, benefitting 71,752 vulnerable people, both local and the tourists visiting the Everest Region of Nepal.</p><p>Early Warning System of Tsho Rolpa Glacial Lake, the biggest Glacial Lake of Nepal is another example in the such system. New inventory of Glacial Lakes has identified 47 critical lakes as priority lakes for GLOF Risk Reduction in Koshi, Gandaki and Karnali basins. In the new context of federal  governance system, the role of federal, province and local government and communities is crucial  for achieving the targets of  Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction , particularly target “g” and SDGs 11 and 13  through integrating  the targets in the regular planning and   its’ implementation for resilient and Sustainable Development of  Nepal.</p><p><strong>References:</strong></p><p>Glacial lakes and glacial lake outburst floods in Nepal. Kathmandu, ICIMOD 2011,  Nepal Disaster Report, Ministry of Home affairs (MoHA) , 2015, 2018 Annual Reports UNDP 2016, 2017 and 2018,  Imja Hydro-Meteorological and Early Warning System User Manual, Government of Nepal and UNDP, 2017 Project Completion Report: Community Based Flood and Glacial Lake Outburst Risk Reduction Project, Government of Nepal and UNDP, 2017,  Inventory of glacial lakes and identification of potentially dangerous glacial lakes in the Koshi, Gandaki, and Karnali River Basins of Nepal, the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, and India. Research Report, ICIMOD and UNDP, 2020</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Increasing risk of glacial lake outburst floods as a consequence of climate change in the Himalayan region

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Somana Riaz ◽  
Arshad Ali ◽  
Muhammad N. Baig
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Glacial Lake ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Fluvial Systems ◽  
Ice Caps ◽  
Outburst Floods ◽  
Glacial Lake Outburst Floods ◽  
Snow Covered Area ◽  
Covered Area ◽  
Increasing Risk

The greater Himalayan Mountains host the largest snow covered area outside the polar regions and serves as the source for some of the major fluvial systems of the world. The region acts as the lifeline for approximately 10% of the world’s population. The terrain is geologically active, highly susceptible to climate change processes and plays a significant role in global hydro-meteorological cycles and biodiversity. With the increasing impacts of climate change to the glaciers and ice caps during the past few decades, people living in the Himalayas have become vulnerable to a higher risk of floods, avalanches and glacial lake outburst floods(GLOFs). This study reviewed the work carried out by earlier researchers to understand the history and science of GLOFs and their potential risk to the communities in the Himalayanbelt, particularly in Pakistan.

scholarly journals Understanding Climate Change Adaptation Issues in Nepal

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngamindra Dahal
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Local Effects ◽  
Glacial Retreat ◽  
Critical Areas ◽  
Outburst Floods ◽  
Glacial Lake Outburst Floods ◽  
Key Words Climate Change

Nepal has observed trend of annual increase in temperature per decade by 0.41°C which is much higher than global average. Climate change is relatively new challenge of global scale but have strong local effects. The evidences of the global warming and climate change are more prominent on the Himalayan region of the globe with melting of ice, glacier retreat, and worst of all the incidence of glacial lake outburst floods with the aftermath falling directly on the ecosystem. The most critical areas are the resource poor developing countries like Nepal which are first to face this calamity yet helpless to implement any concrete ideas still. Nepal has to develop its mechanism to disseminate information regarding climate change and its rational use in planning and implementing policy processes with simultaneous approach on the research to follow the trend of climate change. Thus, this paper focuses on Nepal strategies to cope with challenges of climate change keeping in view the shifting focus of global climate policy. Key Words: Climate change, Global warming, Glacial retreat, Depleting ice, Ecosystem DOI: 10.3126/init.v2i1.2536 The Initiation Vol.2(1) 2008 pp138-144

scholarly journals Supplementary material to "Climate change and the global pattern of moraine-dammed glacial lake outburst floods"

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Harrison ◽  
Jeffrey S. Kargel ◽  
Christian Huggel ◽  
John Reynolds ◽  
Dan H. Shugar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Glacial Lake ◽  
Global Pattern ◽  
Outburst Floods ◽  
Glacial Lake Outburst Floods ◽  
Supplementary Material
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