How can paddy rice farmers adapt to climate change? A case study of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) in Luang Prabang province, Laos

<p>Laos is a small and developing nation in Southeast Asia that is vulnerable to climate change. Some of the more severe effects of climate change in Laos are droughts, flooding and insect pests which are impacting rice production. Many paddy rice plantations throughout the country are facing large shortages of rice production for commercial sale and subsistence use. This thesis explores how paddy rice farmers may adapt to climate change effects by focusing on a village in Luang Prabang province, Laos. Drawing on the climate adaptation framework, Climate – Smart Agriculture (CSA) and qualitative interviews with farmers in Thongphiengvilay village, I explore how CSA may help farmers adapt to climate change. The results of this study show that CSA could help Thongphiengvilay farmers cope with increased drought and pests. I also argue that CSA could build on or complement existing Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) already used by farmers. Furthermore, my results indicate that CSA could help farmers who currently use synthetic approaches to tackle their decreasing rice price production. For example, synthetic fertilisers that are currently being used by farmers could be replaced with organic CSA approaches and produce similar yields and also ensure the environmentally sustainability of farmers’ lands for future seasons. Therefore, this thesis recommends a CSA approach for adapting to climate change in Thongphiengvilay village by implementing Climate – Smart Villages (CSVs). Key words: climate change adaptation, CSA, TEK, Laos</p>

How can paddy rice farmers adapt to climate change? A case study of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) in Luang Prabang province, Laos

<p>Laos is a small and developing nation in Southeast Asia that is vulnerable to climate change. Some of the more severe effects of climate change in Laos are droughts, flooding and insect pests which are impacting rice production. Many paddy rice plantations throughout the country are facing large shortages of rice production for commercial sale and subsistence use. This thesis explores how paddy rice farmers may adapt to climate change effects by focusing on a village in Luang Prabang province, Laos. Drawing on the climate adaptation framework, Climate – Smart Agriculture (CSA) and qualitative interviews with farmers in Thongphiengvilay village, I explore how CSA may help farmers adapt to climate change. The results of this study show that CSA could help Thongphiengvilay farmers cope with increased drought and pests. I also argue that CSA could build on or complement existing Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) already used by farmers. Furthermore, my results indicate that CSA could help farmers who currently use synthetic approaches to tackle their decreasing rice price production. For example, synthetic fertilisers that are currently being used by farmers could be replaced with organic CSA approaches and produce similar yields and also ensure the environmentally sustainability of farmers’ lands for future seasons. Therefore, this thesis recommends a CSA approach for adapting to climate change in Thongphiengvilay village by implementing Climate – Smart Villages (CSVs). Key words: climate change adaptation, CSA, TEK, Laos</p>

Building Climate Resilient City through Multiple Scale Cooperative Planning: Experiences from Copenhagen

Copenhagen, as one of the well-known European green capitals, has dedicated efforts to implement a series of policies and take action on climate adaptation strategies from 2008 to 2020 to address the challenge brought by global warming. Climate adaptation in new urban planning for stormwater management opens up the dialogue in-between new possibilities for cooperation with multiple stakeholders and climate adaptation projects are developed in multilevel governance. However, in many cities, the organizational capacity of multiple stakeholders at the various level required to combine climate resilience with further sustainability targets may not be available. The paper focuses on the Copenhagen climate adaptation case, and further explores how the city strategically meta-govern the boundaries between the expert governed large-scale water management scheme against small-scale place-based bottom-up projects in collaboration with citizens and other placebased stakeholders. Furthermore, we summarize the experiences of building a climate adaptation city in Copenhagen, which refers to adequate data preparation in the early stage and rigorous planning, well- integration of stormwater management design & landscape design of urban space coordination of various stakeholder’s interests and public participation. Key words: Climate change adaptation; Urban stormwater management; Sustainable cities; Public participation; Green infrastructure

Credit access and faecal management practices among poultry farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria: Implications for climate change

This research identified the sources of credit available and utilized by the respondents, evaluated the socioeconomic factors determining farmers’ access to credit, constraints encountered by respondents and the influence of access to credit on management practices of poultry farmers in Obafemi Owode Local Government of Ogun State. The data collected from 90 poultry farmers were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the logit regression model, to evaluate the socio-economic factors determining the respondents’ access to creditand also to analyze the influence of access to credit on faecal management practices in the study area. The descriptive result showed the farmers earned less than N100, 000 monthly (mean = 61,402±12,127.17, ca. $290) and up to 48% still lacked access to credit. The major use of credit among the farmers was for operational activities (53%) which included waste management. Only 48% of the farmers had access to quality extension service and 46% do not participate in any cooperative. Despite the fact that most of the farmers were aware of impact of farming activities on climate change, about 80% still practiced open dumping of faecal waste without proper treatment because of credit constraint. The logit result (all at p < 0.05) showed that farming experience, farm size, awareness of credit source, cooperative participation, access to extension service and farm income were associated with both access to credit and farmers’ use of appropriate waste management practice. Based on the findings, it is recommended that better waste management practices among poultry farmers should be enhanced by facilitating increased access to credit and this is sine qua non to mitigating climate change. Key words: climate change, credit access, faecal management, Nigeria, poultry

National Adaptation Plans: A Response to Climate-Induced Migration?

This Major Research Paper examines the National Adaptation Plans of the Republic of the Maldives and Germany to determine if and how climate-induced migration is addressed. The paper examines how the receiving-migrant countries, and producing-migrant countries look at the forecasted issue from two different perspectives: securitization, and resiliency. In addition, this paper acknowledges that ad hoc temporary migration pathways have had success when dealing with environmental migration and determines that a formal change to the Convention Refugee definition is not necessary to address climate-induced migration. Key words: Climate Change; Climate-induced Migration; Refugees; National Adaptation Plans

National Adaptation Plans: A Response to Climate-Induced Migration?

This Major Research Paper examines the National Adaptation Plans of the Republic of the Maldives and Germany to determine if and how climate-induced migration is addressed. The paper examines how the receiving-migrant countries, and producing-migrant countries look at the forecasted issue from two different perspectives: securitization, and resiliency. In addition, this paper acknowledges that ad hoc temporary migration pathways have had success when dealing with environmental migration and determines that a formal change to the Convention Refugee definition is not necessary to address climate-induced migration. Key words: Climate Change; Climate-induced Migration; Refugees; National Adaptation Plans

The impact of climate change on fish infectious diseases (a review)

Purpose. As the climate change impacts freshwater and marine ecosystems, and rising ocean temperatures and acidification continue to this moment, our aim was to analyze the literature and summarize information on the development of fish infectious diseases in the light of global warming. Findings. Even a slight increase in temperature affects the life cycle, physiology, behavior, distribution and structure of populations of aquatic bioresources, especially fish. Recent studies show that some infectious diseases of fish spread much faster with increasing temperature. Climate change contributes to pathogens spread in both marine and freshwater areas. In particular, rising water temperatures can expand the range of diseases. Aquatic bioresources have high cumulative mortality from infectious diseases, and pathogens are rapidly progressing, and these phenomena may be powered by climate change, leading to the geographical spread of virulent pathogens to fisheries and aquaculture facilities, threatening much of global production and food security. The article presents data on the impact of climate change and global warming on aquaculture and fisheries. The list of the main pathogens of fish of various etiology in Ukraine, including viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases is presented. The impact of infectious agents on modern aquaculture is described and the main ideas about the possible long-term consequences of climate change for fish farms are given. Practical Value. The review may be useful for specialists in veterinary medicine, epizootology and ichthyopathology. Key words: climate change, infectious diseases of fish, pathogenesis.

Management and advisory mechanisms for climate change levelling

Purpose. The aim of the article is the comparison of management and advisory mechanisms for climate change leveling and determination the most significant groups on this basis. Methodology of research. The methodological basis of research consists of methods of comparison and generalization. The comparison of separate management and advisory mechanisms for climate change leveling was fulfilled using the comparison method. Five most significant groups of mechanisms for climate change leveling have been determined on the base of generalization method. Findings. The necessity of deepening participation at different management levels in Ukraine in solving the global warming problem is substantiated on the basis of actualization of management and advisory mechanisms for climate change leveling. It will contribute both solving the problem itself and increasing the international authority of the state. The advisability of realization of measures for climate change leveling is confirmed at the different levels: at governance levels (state, regional, sectoral, enterprise) and by leveling directions (population and business entities). The international management and advisory mechanisms for climate change leveling with identification of five characteristic groups has been generalized. The importance of solving the problem at the different management levels with use of advisory services is proved. It will permit more efficient implementation of advisory mechanisms and reach a wider coverage of solving of the tasks of climate change leveling. Originality. The international management and advisory mechanisms for climate change leveling has been generalized with identification of five characteristic groups: organizational (international organizations), regulatory and legal (conventions, resolutions, declarations), coordinating (conferences, meetings), financial and business (emission limits, environmental taxes), programs and models (models, scenarios, programs, strategies). This, unlike the existing one, gives an opportunity of its differential use in the process of preparing more substantiated management solution of the indicated problem. Practical value. The results of the research can be used in the process of preparing of strategic and program documents of an environmental nature. The effect of its implementation can be estimated by indicators of environmental improvement, in particular by indicators of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, etc. Key words: climate change, climate change leveling, management mechanisms, advisory mechanisms, groups of mechanisms for climate change leveling, agricultural advisory services.

ANALISIS KECENDERUNGAN (TREND) SUHU UDARA DAN CURAH HUJAN DI PULAU FLORES (LABUAN BAJO, RUTENG, MAUMERE, DAN LARANTUKA)

Abstrak Telah dilakukan penelitian analisis kecenderungan (trend) suhu udara dan curah hujan di Pulau Flores (Labuan Bajo, Ruteng, Maumere dan Larantuka). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui profil suhu udara dan curah hujan serta mengetahui trend suhu udara dan curah hujan di Pulau Flores untuk daerah Labuan Bajo, Ruteng, Maumere, dan Larantuka. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder yang diperoleh dari BMKG Stasiun Klimatologi Kupang. Pengolahan data dengan menghitung rata-rata untuk mengetahui profil curah hujan dan suhu udara serta menggunakan metode regresi linear untuk menghitung trend suhu udara dan curah hujan. Berdasarkan pengolahan data, profil curah hujan di Pulau Flores untuk daerah Labuan Bajo, Ruteng, Maumere, dan Larantuka adalah Pola hujan Monsun, untuk profil suhu udara di Pulau Flores suhu udara rata-rata tertinggi terjadi pada bulan November sebesar 29,90C dan suhu udara rata-rata terendah terjadi pada bulan Juli sebesar 18,50C. Untuk trend curah hujan di Labuan Bajo mengalami trend penurunan sebesar -0,919 mm, Ruteng mengalami trend peningkatan sebesar 1,2688 mm, Maumere mengalami trend peningkatan sebesar 0,1442 mm, Larantuka mengalami trend peningkatan sebesar 0,2734 mm. Untuk Trend suhu udara di Labuan Bajo mengalami trend peningkatan sebesar 0,03470C, Ruteng mengalami trend peningkatan sebesar 0,0050C, Maumere mengalami trend peningkatan sebesar 0,01440C, dan Larantuka mengalami trend peningkatan sebesar 0,0360C. Kata kunci: Perubahan iklim, trend, suhu udara, curah hujan ANALYSIS OF TREND OF AIR TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL IN THE FLORES ISLAND (LABUAN BAJO, RUTENG, MAUMERE AND LARANTUKA) ABSTRACT Analysis of the trend rainfall and air temperature has been conducted on Flores Island (Labuan Bajo, Ruteng, Maumere and Larantuka). The purpose of this study was to determine the profile of air temperature and rainfall and determine air temperature and rainfall trend on the island of Flores for the areas of Labuan Bajo, Ruteng, Maumere, and Larantuka. Data obtained from BMKG Kupang Climatology Station. Data processing by calculating the average to determine the profile of rainfall and air temperature and using linear regression methods to calculate air temperature and rainfall trends. Based on data processing, rainfall profiles on Flores Island for the areas of Labuan Bajo, Ruteng, Maumere, and Larantuka are Monsoon Rain Patterns, for the temperature profile on Flores Island the highest average air temperatures occur in November at 29.90C and the temperature the lowest average air occurred in July of 18,50C. Rainfall trend in Labuan Bajo experienced a downward trend of -0.919 mm, Ruteng experienced an upward trend of 1.2688 mm, Maumere experienced an upward trend of 0.1442 mm, Larantuka had an upward trend of 0.2734 mm. For air temperature trends in Labuan Bajo experiencing an upward trend of 0.03470C, Ruteng experiencing an upward trend of 0.0050C, Maumere experiencing an upward trend of 0.01440C,and Larantuka experiencing an upward trend of 0.0360C. Key words: climate change, trends, air temperature, rainfall

CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY AND ITS ADAPTATION OPTIONS IN RURAL ETHIOPIA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Food security is highly sensitive to climate risks in Ethiopia. More recent climate related events such as the 2016/2017 food security crises in the Horn of Africa specifically in Ethiopia have highlighted the impact of droughts and floods on food production, access to markets, and income from agricultural activities. However, assessing the ways in which livelihoods and specific vulnerabilities are linked to climate is a difficult task given the complex relationships between other environmental and socioeconomic factors in determining food security outcomes. The purpose of this review is to contribute to a quantitative and qualitative assessment of climate risk impacts (including climate variability, change, and extremes) on food security and livelihoods and adaptation options. The analytical method carried out for this review consists of two main components qualitative and quantitative approach and a dynamic analysis to evaluate the relationship between historic and current climatic variability and food security indicators, using long-term historical data; and a descriptive analysis to establish a baseline against which vulnerability to future risks can be assessed. The review reveals that Climate: In addition, some analysts suggest that there has been a shift in the timing of rainfall, leading to more erratic and unpredictable precipitation patterns.. Households depend heavily on markets and in-kind contributions during the agricultural lean seasons. If March-September precipitation continues to decline, food access could be affected in two inter-related ways. First, reduced crop production due to lower precipitation would force households to purchase more of their food. Second, climate-induced food price volatility could require households to spend more of their income on food. In addition, climate-related disasters limit physical access to markets. Climate impacts on livelihoods. The poorest farmers rely especially on food-based coping strategies and options such as reducing the quantity or quality of meals. Similarly, they rely on livestock sales or temporary labour migration. In recent years, however, there has been limited capacity of host areas to offer employment due to increasingly erratic rainfall which is reducing labour availability. KEY WORDS: climate change, food security, adaptation, systemic review