scholarly journals Estimation of Fluoride concentration in drinking water of Kathmandu Valley

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Priyanka Shah ◽  
S Khanal
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Municipal Water Supply ◽  
Municipal Water ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Fluoride has a preventive effect on dental caries. However, excessive/insufficient ingestion of fluoride can lead to the development of dental fluorosis/increased risk for dental caries respectively. The objective of this study was to estimate fluoride concentration in drinking water of Kathmandu valley. It was a community based cross-sectional study in which drinking water samples were collected from municipal water supply and bottled water. Municipal water supply was collected according to eight water schemes in Kathmandu valley and as for bottled water, 35 samples were randomly collected according to different brand names available in the commercial market. The samples were analyzed for fluoride content by SPADNS colorimetric method as per standard procedure set by American Public Health Association (APHA 2012).The results revealed that the fluoride content in drinking water samples was below the permissible limit (<0.5 ppm) as per Nepal’s drinking water quality standards and WHO guidelines. Hence, implementation of water fluoridation program can be initiated for municipal water supply and bottled water for prevention of dental caries to optimize the oral health of people.

scholarly journals Water quality status of groundwater and municipal water supply (tap water) from Bagmati river basin in Kathmandu valley, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pabitra Bhandari ◽  
Megha Raj Banjara ◽  
Anjana Singh ◽  
Samikshya Kandel ◽  
Deepa Shree Rawal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Municipal Water Supply ◽  
Tube Well ◽  
Bagmati River

Abstract Poor waste management in the Kathmandu valley has deteriorated the water quality of surface and groundwater sources. The objective of this study was to assess the status of water quality (WQ) in drinking water sources of groundwater and municipal supply (tap water) from the Bagmati river basin in Kathmandu valley. A total of 52 water samples from deep tube-well, tube-well, dug-well, and tap water were collected and analyzed for physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters using standard methods. The results revealed that chloride, total hardness (TH), copper, nitrate, sulfate, and turbidity were within the recommendations of the National Drinking Water Quality Standard (NDWQS). Total coliform (TC) bacteria in 84.6% of the samples exceeded drinking water guidelines. Similarly, the isolates of different enteric bacteria, namely Escherichia coli (21.5%), Citrobacter spp. (20.9%), Klebsiella spp. (19.8%), Proteus spp. (13.9%), Enterobacter spp. (8.72%), Salmonella spp. (5.8%), Shigella spp. (5.2%), and Pseudomonas (4.1%) were identified in the samples collected from the respective sources. Out of the 52 water samples, 7.7% of samples had fecal contamination of somatic coliphage. The groundwater and municipal water supply in the study area are not safe for drinking purposes. Treatment of water is required before its use for household applications.

scholarly journals Evaluation of some Limiting Factors affecting Water chlorination at Baghdad / Al-Kurch District

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
Najim Hadi Najim
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Reduction Potential ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Municipal Water Supply ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Oxidation Reduction Potential ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

This study was designed to high light about the effect of some factors individually or in combination that shared in the reduction of the chlorine activity and efficiency for meeting the bacterial standards as a disinfection agent for drinking water at Baghdad city/ Al- kurch. To achieve the objectives (137) drinking water samples were collected from July up to the end of November 2007 from the houses of Baghdad's citizens/ Al-kurch. Also studying the scientific nature of some municipal water supply at Baghdad/ Al- kurch, drinking water samples were collected from faucets after allowing the water to run for 0, 5 and 10 minutes. Statistical data showed that there was non significant difference in both the chlorine concentration and coliform counts in all samples that were taken after allowing the water to run for 0, 5 and 10 minutes and for that reason drinking water samples after allowing the water to run for 5 minutes were chosen as the best time for sampling in this research.Data revealed that the free chlorine in drinking water was below the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the period from July up to the end of August 2007, whereas the highest Coliform counts in drinking water were established during the above mentioned months, while the coliform counts decreased in the period from September up to the end of November 2007 due to the utilization of higher concentrations of total chlorine in drinking water in municipal water supply, in addition to that, the effect of some variables such as quantity of free chlorine, temperature, pH and oxidation- reduction potential of water on the sanitizing efficiency of the chlorine were studied.The statistical data revealed that there was a significant negative correlation (P < 0.01, r = -0.072) between the chlorine sanitizing efficiency with both the concentration of the free chlorine and its contact time with microorganisms while the effect of temperature, pH and oxidation- reduction potential of water showed non significant effect on the chlorine sanitizing efficiency.

scholarly journals Estimation of Fluoride Concentration in Municipal Water Supply and Commercially Available Packaged Drinking Water in Mathura City. A -Comparative Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-134
Author(s):  
R Gupta ◽  
NA Ingle ◽  
N Kaur ◽  
E Ingle ◽  
M Bhalla
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Municipal Water Supply ◽  
Municipal Water ◽  
Pumping Stations ◽  
Permissible Range ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACT Introduction Presence of fluoride in water is known to cause many crippling diseases either by its insufficient or excess intake. Aim & objectives To compare the fluoride and TDS concentration in municipal water supply and packaged drinking water sold in Mathura city. Material and Method Total five water samples of packaged drinking water and ten samples of municipal water were collected from pumping stations of Mathura city. Fluoride concentration was determined by modified alizarin method, TDS was estimated by TDS meter. The student t test was used to compare the mean fluoride concentration of municipal water and packaged drinking water. Results The mean fluoride concentration of packaged drinking water and municipal water supply was 0.16 mg/L, 0.64 mg/L respectively. The difference between the mean of two samples was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion The fluoride concentration was low in both municipal water and packaged drinking water. TDS was in permissible range in packaged drinking water and unsatisfactory in municipal water.

Identification of Taste and Odour Compounds from Western Lake Ontario

1984 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.G. Brownlee ◽  
D.S. Painter ◽  
R.J. Boone
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Direct Link ◽  
Municipal Water Supply ◽  
Municipal Water ◽  
Western Lake ◽  
Odour Concentration

Abstract During August, 1983 geosmin was identified in a municipal water supply drawn from western Lake Ontario. The geosmin concentrations were 0.01-0.07 μg L-1, within the range for threshold odour concentration of 0.01-0.2 μg L-1. 2-Methylisoborneol was not detected. The odour 'event' coincided with a dieoff of Cladophora in the lake, but we were not able to establish a direct link between the dieoff and geosmin production. Decomposing Cladophora in shoreline areas produced a strong odour in the air. 3-Methylindole, elemental sulfur, dimethyl tetrasulfide, and dimethyl pentasulfide were tentatively identified in water samples collected from these areas, but geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol were not detected.

Assessment of the drinking water quality for planning endogenic prevention of dental caries

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-93
Author(s):  
A. B. Shashmurina ◽  
O. L. Mishutina ◽  
V. R. Shashmurina
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Normal Limits

Relevance. Dental caries is a leading dental disease in children. Aim – to study the quality of drinking water in Smolensk and its region to provide evidence for implementing dental caries preventive measures in children.Materials and methods. We took tap water samples from ten water intake points in seven districts of Smolensk and six Smolensk regions. An accredited testing laboratory of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Smolensk Region carried out water chemical analysis. The study analyzed standard parameters of drinking water quality: pH 6.5-8.5, fluoride content 0.60-1.2 mg/l; water hardness 7.0-9.0 (Sanitary Regulations and Standards 2.1.4.1116-02). The parameter was considered normal if its 95% confidence interval was within the reference range.Results. In Smolensk, the hydrogen ion concentration in centralized drinking water supply systems is within normal limits and amounts to 7.39 (95% CI: 7.32-7.46; р < 0,05) pH units. The mean fluoride concentration in the Smolensk water is 0.19 (95% CI: 0.14-0.23; р < 0,05) mg/l, which is below the normal range. In most Smolensk districts, water hardness is within normal limits, 8.21 mmol/l (95% CI: 7.03-9.39; р < 0,05). However, the upper limit of the confidence interval of 9.39 mg/l and the maximum of 12.0 mg/l exceed the normal range. In the Smolensk region cities, the hydrogen ion concentration is 7.2 (95% CI: 7.02-7.38; р < 0,05) pH units in the centralized drinking water supply. The fluoride concentration in the Smolensk region water is 0.45 mg/l (95% CI: 0.23-0.68; р < 0,05), which demonstrates the fluoride deficiency in water. In the Smolensk region cities, mean water hardness is 6.66 mmol/l (95% CI: 6.00-7.03; р < 0,05), which is below the normal values. However, the CI upper limit of 7.03 mmol/l and the maximum of 7.05 mmol/l are within normal limits.Conclusions. The water of the centralized drinking water supply system in Smolensk and the Smolensk region is low in fluorides. Urgent community and individual preventive measures should be taken to expose children to fluoride.

scholarly journals Fluoride concentration in drinking water samples in Fiji

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Prasad ◽  
Bernadette Pushpaangaeli ◽  
Anumala Ram ◽  
Leenu Maimanuku
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

scholarly journals Microbiological Analysis of Drinking Water of Kathmandu Valley

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 112-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tista Prasai ◽  
Binod Lekhak ◽  
Dev Raj Joshi ◽  
Madhav Prasad Baral
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Guideline Value ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Drinking water quality assessment in Kathmandu valley has always been crucial with reference to public health importance. A study was conducted to evaluate the quality of drinking water of the valley. A total of 132 drinking water samples were randomly collected from 49 tube wells, 57 wells, 17 taps and 9 stone spouts in different places of Kathmandu valley. The samples were analyzed for microbiological parameters. Total plate and coliform count revealed that 82.6% and 92.4% of drinking water samples found to cross the WHO guideline value for drinking water. During the study, 238 isolates of enteric bacteria were identified, of which 26.4% were Escherichia coli, 25.6% were Enterobacter spp, 23% were Citrobacter spp, 6.3% were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 5.4% were Klebsiella spp, 4.0% were Shigella spp, 3.0% were Salmonella typhi, 3.0% were Proteus vulgaris, 3.0% were Serratia spp and 1.0% were Vibrio cholerae . Key words: Drinking water; Public health; Coliform; Bacteria. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v5i5.2667 Scientific World, Vol. 5, No. 5, July 2007 112-114

scholarly journals Bacteriological Examination of Water supply and Drinking Water at Household level in Makalbari Area by the Most Probable Number Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-152
Author(s):  
Bharati Shakya ◽  
Supri Raj Shrestha ◽  
Vinutha Silvanus
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Water safety and quality are fundamental to human development and well-being. Yet, at least 2 billion people are using a drinking water source contaminated with feces worldwide. This study was conducted to assess the types of water supply, storage and methods of purification of drinking water and to examine the bacteriological quality of supplied and drinking water at household level by most probable number (MPN) test in Makalbari area in Gokarneshwor Municipality, Kathmandu. A total of 80 households were selected using simple random sampling technique and two samples (one from main water supply and another from drinking water, n=160 water samples) were collected from each household. Ethical clearance was taken from the Nepal Medical College Institutional Review Committee. SPSS version 16.0 was used for statistical analysis. Majority of water supply samples 65 (81.2%) were from tap, 11 (13.8%) were from well and 4 (5.0%) samples were from bore well. Bacteriologically, of the total water supply samples, 34 (42.5%) samples were excellent, 16 (20.0%) samples were suspicious and 30 (37.5%) samples were unsatisfactory by MPN index quality. Most of the households stored drinking water in the tanks 34 (42.5%). Most of the water samples 29 (36.3%) were directly consumed from the water supply without purification. Among the directly consumed drinking water samples, 13 (44.8%) samples showed unsatisfactory MPN index. Most commonly used methods of water purification was filtration 21 (26.2%). Of the total drinking water samples, 33 (41.25%) samples were positive for total coliform. Thirty-two (40.0%) of the households reported diarrhea in past one year. A highly significant association was found between MPN index of drinking water and occurrence of diarrhea in the households. The quality of the most of the water samples from water supply and drinking water were unsatisfactory. Inspite of this, drinking water was not purified in some of the households. Moreover, few of the drinking water samples were not potable even after purification. Therefore, community should be made aware to improve quality of drinking water in households.

scholarly journals Social representations of drinking water: subsidies for water quality surveillance programmes

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose Ferraz Carmo ◽  
Paula Dias Bevilacqua ◽  
Marisa Barletto
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Social Representations ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Municipal Water Supply ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Water Characteristics ◽  
Municipal Water

A qualitative study was developed aimed at understanding the social representations of water consumption by a segment of the population of a small town in Brazil. A total of 19 semi-structured interviews were carried out and subjected to a content analysis addressing opinion on drinking water, characteristics of drinking water and its correlation to health and diseases, criteria for water usage and knowledge on the source and accountability for drinking-water quality. Social representations of drinking water predominantly incorporate the municipal water supply and sanitation provider and its quality. The identification of the municipal water supply provider as alone responsible for maintaining water quality indicated the lack of awareness of any health surveillance programme. For respondents, chlorine was accountable for conferring colour, odour and taste to the water. These physical parameters were reported as the cause for rejecting the water supplied and suggest the need to review the focus of health-educational strategies based on notions of hygiene and water-borne diseases. The study allowed the identification of elements that could contribute to positioning the consumers vs. services relationship on a level playing field, enabling dialogue and exchange of knowledge for the benefit of public health.

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