scholarly journals Evaluation of some Limiting Factors affecting Water chlorination at Baghdad / Al-Kurch District

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
Najim Hadi Najim
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Reduction Potential ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Municipal Water Supply ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Oxidation Reduction Potential ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

This study was designed to high light about the effect of some factors individually or in combination that shared in the reduction of the chlorine activity and efficiency for meeting the bacterial standards as a disinfection agent for drinking water at Baghdad city/ Al- kurch. To achieve the objectives (137) drinking water samples were collected from July up to the end of November 2007 from the houses of Baghdad's citizens/ Al-kurch. Also studying the scientific nature of some municipal water supply at Baghdad/ Al- kurch, drinking water samples were collected from faucets after allowing the water to run for 0, 5 and 10 minutes. Statistical data showed that there was non significant difference in both the chlorine concentration and coliform counts in all samples that were taken after allowing the water to run for 0, 5 and 10 minutes and for that reason drinking water samples after allowing the water to run for 5 minutes were chosen as the best time for sampling in this research.Data revealed that the free chlorine in drinking water was below the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the period from July up to the end of August 2007, whereas the highest Coliform counts in drinking water were established during the above mentioned months, while the coliform counts decreased in the period from September up to the end of November 2007 due to the utilization of higher concentrations of total chlorine in drinking water in municipal water supply, in addition to that, the effect of some variables such as quantity of free chlorine, temperature, pH and oxidation- reduction potential of water on the sanitizing efficiency of the chlorine were studied.The statistical data revealed that there was a significant negative correlation (P < 0.01, r = -0.072) between the chlorine sanitizing efficiency with both the concentration of the free chlorine and its contact time with microorganisms while the effect of temperature, pH and oxidation- reduction potential of water showed non significant effect on the chlorine sanitizing efficiency.

scholarly journals Estimation of Fluoride concentration in drinking water of Kathmandu Valley

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Priyanka Shah ◽  
S Khanal
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Municipal Water Supply ◽  
Municipal Water ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Fluoride has a preventive effect on dental caries. However, excessive/insufficient ingestion of fluoride can lead to the development of dental fluorosis/increased risk for dental caries respectively. The objective of this study was to estimate fluoride concentration in drinking water of Kathmandu valley. It was a community based cross-sectional study in which drinking water samples were collected from municipal water supply and bottled water. Municipal water supply was collected according to eight water schemes in Kathmandu valley and as for bottled water, 35 samples were randomly collected according to different brand names available in the commercial market. The samples were analyzed for fluoride content by SPADNS colorimetric method as per standard procedure set by American Public Health Association (APHA 2012).The results revealed that the fluoride content in drinking water samples was below the permissible limit (<0.5 ppm) as per Nepal’s drinking water quality standards and WHO guidelines. Hence, implementation of water fluoridation program can be initiated for municipal water supply and bottled water for prevention of dental caries to optimize the oral health of people.

scholarly journals Study on the soil corrosivity towards the buried water supply pipelines in Madhyapur Thimi municipality, Bhaktapur

BIBECHANA ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 94-102
Author(s):  
Kumar P Dahal ◽  
Dinesh KC ◽  
Jagadeesh Bhattarai
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Reduction Potential ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Galvanized Steel ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Simple Modification ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Oxidation Reduction Potential

This research work is carried out to identify the corrosive nature of soils towards the buried-galvanized steel and cast iron pipelines buried in Sanothimi areas of Madhyapur Thimi municipality, Bhaktapur based on different soil parameters such as organic content, moisture content, pH, resistivity, oxidation-reduction potential, chloride and sulfate ions. The soil parameters of the collected soil samples from the study areas were analyzed using standard ASTM methods. Concentrations of these soil parameters measured in this study were found as: organic content (0.9- 7.9%), moisture content (8.0-36.7%), pH (6.8-7.7), resistivity (3900-16700 ohm.cm), oxidation-reduction potential (337-461 mV vs SHE), chloride (25-71 ppm) and sulfate (35-464 ppm) contents. These soil parameters gave an indication of “mildly corrosive” to “less corrosive” nature of soils on the galvanized steels and cast iron pipelines buried in the study areas. Based on the findings of the present studies, it can be advised to the related authorities or local people that simple modification of the soils by using cheapest non-conducting materials like gravel or sand around the buried water supply pipelines before undergrounding them in the study areas is very beneficial from the corrosion point of view to increase their life time. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v11i0.10387 BIBECHANA 11(1) (2014) 94-102

Development of an Algorithm for Feed-Forward Chlorine Dosing of Lettuce Wash Operations and Correlation of Chlorine Profile with Escherichia coli O157:H7 Inactivation

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 558-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
BIN ZHOU ◽  
YAGUANG LUO ◽  
XIANGWU NOU ◽  
PATRICIA MILLNER
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Reduction Potential ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Feed Forward ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Wash Solution ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Oxidation Reduction Potential

The dynamic interactions of chlorine and organic matter during a simulated fresh-cut produce wash process and the consequences for Escherichia coli O157:H7 inactivation were investigated. An algorithm for a chlorine feed-forward dosing scheme to maintain a stable chlorine level was further developed and validated. Organic loads with chemical oxygen demand of 300 to 800 mg/liter were modeled using iceberg lettuce. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) was added to the simulated wash solution incrementally. The solution pH, free and total chlorine, and oxidation-reduction potential were monitored, and chlorination breakpoint and chloramine humps determined. The results indicated that the E. coli O157:H7 inactivation curve mirrored that of the free chlorine during the chlorine replenishment process: a slight reduction in E. coli O157:H7 was observed as the combined chlorine hump was approached, while the E. coli O157:H7 cell populations declined sharply after chlorination passed the chlorine hump and decreased to below the detection limit (&lt;0.75 most probable number per ml) after the chlorination breakpoint was reached. While the amounts of NaOCl required for reaching the chloramine humps and chlorination breakpoints depended on the organic loads, there was a linear correlation between NaOCl input and free chlorine in the wash solution once NaOCl dosing passed the chlorination breakpoint, regardless of organic load. The data obtained were further exploited to develop a NaOCl dosing algorithm for maintaining a stable chlorine concentration in the presence of an increasing organic load. The validation tests results indicated that free chlorine could be maintained at target levels using such an algorithm, while the pH and oxidation-reduction potential were also stably maintained using this system.

scholarly journals Revamp of existing lab-scale electrolytic cell design for electrolyzed water study in cleaning application

Food Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (S6) ◽  
pp. 146-149
Author(s):  
N.S. Sulaiman ◽  
N.I. Khalid ◽  
E.M.H. Fauzi ◽  
N. Ab Aziz ◽  
N.A. Yusof ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reduction Potential ◽  
Current Flow ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Electrolytic Cell ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Electrolyzed Water ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Oxidation Reduction Potential ◽  
Alkaline Electrolyzed Water ◽  
Electrode Plate

The lab-scale electrolytic cell was designed to produce acidic and alkaline electrolyzed water for cleaning study. Electrolyzed water (EW) was produced by electrolysis of a dilute sodium chloride solution. The generation of free chlorine, pH and oxidation-reduction potential from the electrolysis process by the electrolytic cell were far from the expected value. Thus, the lab-scale electrolytic cell was revamped by using the acrylic slot to hold the electrode plate and a membrane holder without metal screws. This revamp work is to reduce the resistance for current flow with the aim to increase the value of chemical properties (pH, oxidation-reduction potential, free chlorine) for acidic and alkaline electrolyzed water. Findings have shown that the current was increased from 0.013A to 2.5A after the revamp process. As a result of the revamp, the value of pH, oxidationreduction potential and free chlorine for acidic electrolyzed water was increased by 1.7 times, 2.7 times, and 20 times higher than previous results respectively. While for alkaline electrolyzed water, the value of pH and oxidation-reduction potential was increased by 1.4 times and 6.2 times higher than previous results respectively.

scholarly journals Bacteriological Examination of Water supply and Drinking Water at Household level in Makalbari Area by the Most Probable Number Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-152
Author(s):  
Bharati Shakya ◽  
Supri Raj Shrestha ◽  
Vinutha Silvanus
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Water safety and quality are fundamental to human development and well-being. Yet, at least 2 billion people are using a drinking water source contaminated with feces worldwide. This study was conducted to assess the types of water supply, storage and methods of purification of drinking water and to examine the bacteriological quality of supplied and drinking water at household level by most probable number (MPN) test in Makalbari area in Gokarneshwor Municipality, Kathmandu. A total of 80 households were selected using simple random sampling technique and two samples (one from main water supply and another from drinking water, n=160 water samples) were collected from each household. Ethical clearance was taken from the Nepal Medical College Institutional Review Committee. SPSS version 16.0 was used for statistical analysis. Majority of water supply samples 65 (81.2%) were from tap, 11 (13.8%) were from well and 4 (5.0%) samples were from bore well. Bacteriologically, of the total water supply samples, 34 (42.5%) samples were excellent, 16 (20.0%) samples were suspicious and 30 (37.5%) samples were unsatisfactory by MPN index quality. Most of the households stored drinking water in the tanks 34 (42.5%). Most of the water samples 29 (36.3%) were directly consumed from the water supply without purification. Among the directly consumed drinking water samples, 13 (44.8%) samples showed unsatisfactory MPN index. Most commonly used methods of water purification was filtration 21 (26.2%). Of the total drinking water samples, 33 (41.25%) samples were positive for total coliform. Thirty-two (40.0%) of the households reported diarrhea in past one year. A highly significant association was found between MPN index of drinking water and occurrence of diarrhea in the households. The quality of the most of the water samples from water supply and drinking water were unsatisfactory. Inspite of this, drinking water was not purified in some of the households. Moreover, few of the drinking water samples were not potable even after purification. Therefore, community should be made aware to improve quality of drinking water in households.

scholarly journals Water quality status of groundwater and municipal water supply (tap water) from Bagmati river basin in Kathmandu valley, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pabitra Bhandari ◽  
Megha Raj Banjara ◽  
Anjana Singh ◽  
Samikshya Kandel ◽  
Deepa Shree Rawal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Municipal Water Supply ◽  
Tube Well ◽  
Bagmati River

Abstract Poor waste management in the Kathmandu valley has deteriorated the water quality of surface and groundwater sources. The objective of this study was to assess the status of water quality (WQ) in drinking water sources of groundwater and municipal supply (tap water) from the Bagmati river basin in Kathmandu valley. A total of 52 water samples from deep tube-well, tube-well, dug-well, and tap water were collected and analyzed for physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters using standard methods. The results revealed that chloride, total hardness (TH), copper, nitrate, sulfate, and turbidity were within the recommendations of the National Drinking Water Quality Standard (NDWQS). Total coliform (TC) bacteria in 84.6% of the samples exceeded drinking water guidelines. Similarly, the isolates of different enteric bacteria, namely Escherichia coli (21.5%), Citrobacter spp. (20.9%), Klebsiella spp. (19.8%), Proteus spp. (13.9%), Enterobacter spp. (8.72%), Salmonella spp. (5.8%), Shigella spp. (5.2%), and Pseudomonas (4.1%) were identified in the samples collected from the respective sources. Out of the 52 water samples, 7.7% of samples had fecal contamination of somatic coliphage. The groundwater and municipal water supply in the study area are not safe for drinking purposes. Treatment of water is required before its use for household applications.

ECOLOGO-HYGIENIC AUDIT OF DRINKING WATER QUALITY FROM WELLS AND DAMMING OF RIVNE REGION

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Ihor Hushchuk ◽  
Anna Hilman ◽  
Nataliia Kulesha
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water Samples ◽  
Microbiological Indicators

The article presents the results of ecological sanitary audit of drinking water quality from sources of decentralized water supply in Rivne region during 2004-2015, analyzes the dynamics of discrepancies of drinking water samples from sources of decentralized water supply according to sanitary-chemical and microbiological indicators in the context of Rivne region’s districts.

scholarly journals Study on the Soil Corrosivity towards the Buried-Structures in Soil Environment of Tanglaphant-Tribhuvan University Campus-Balkhu Areas of Kirtipur

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Gautam ◽  
J Bhattarai
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Cast Iron ◽  
Reduction Potential ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Buried Structures ◽  
Galvanized Steels ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Oxidation Reduction Potential ◽  
Soil Corrosivity

Soil parameters such as moisture, pH, resistivity, oxidation-reduction potential, chloride and sulfate ions were investigated, because these parameters affect the corrosive nature of soils toward the buried-galvanized steels and cast-iron pipelines used to supply drinking water in Tanglaphant-Tribhuvan University Campus-Balkhu areas of Kirtipur. The soil parameters examined in the study areas are found as: moisture (7-48%), pH (7.0-7.9), resistivity (6,300-37,000 ohm.cm), oxidation-reduction potential (307-490 mV vs SHE), chloride (13-92 ppm) and sulfate (62-309 ppm) contents. The results gave an indication of mildly corrosive to non-corrosive nature of soils on the buried galvanized steels and cast-iron pipes used to supply drinking water in the study areas of Kirtipur.  DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10417   Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 65-72

scholarly journals TO THE QUESTION ABOUT THE QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER SYSTEM OF CENTRALIZED DRINKING WATER SUPPLY OF REPUBLIC OF MORDOVIA

2017 ◽  
pp. 41-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Abramkin ◽  
R.S. Rakhmanov
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water System ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Surface Water Resources ◽  
Drinking Water System ◽  
Scientific Substantiation ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Surface water resources of Mordovia Republic characterized by an inconstant output during a year, therefore, underground artesian waters use for household and drinking water supply. In 2009–2015 the quality of drinking water samples taken in 22 districts of Mordovia was unfavorable according to content of fluorine (taken in 13 districts and city of Saransk), iron (taken in 11 districts and city of Saransk), strontium (1 district), iodine was absent in all water samples. The main contaminant was fluorides, their level was up to 1,5–5,2 MAC. The development and scientific substantiation of hygienic actions on group and individual prevention of exposure to elevated concentrations of fluorine as well as iodine deficiency in human body are required.

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