Pomoc jako wartość w historii języka polskiego

Język Polski ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-109
Author(s):  
Beata Raszewska-Żurek
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Social Concept ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Common Heritage ◽  
A Value ◽  
Spiritual Culture ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language

The present article analyses the evaluation of the social concept pomoc (help) from the Old Polish period until the modern times. Contemporarily pomoc expressed by the lexeme pomoc (‘help’) is positively marked in terms of axiology, which manifests itself e.g. in the collocations potrzebować pomocy ‘to require help/assis-tance’, dziękować za pomoc ‘to thank for help’, and above all – warto pomagać ‘it is worthwhile to help’. An integral part of spiritual culture, values constitute an important common heritage, and their understanding throughout centuries is characterised by both continuity and change, which is reflected in the language in which values are referred to and spoken about. The purpose of the present article is to establish whether and when help began to be recognised as a value or whether its evaluation underwent change during the course of more than six centuries. The analysis covered the contextual instances of the usage of the lexeme pomoc(the principal exponent of the concept pomoc) in the history of the Polish language in pursuit of those ele-ments of utterances which indicate the evaluation of the concept – combinations featuring the names of other values, axiologically marked adjectives or metaphorical approaches. On the basis of an analysis of the usage of the lexeme pomoc one may state that since the earliest times pomoc has been considered a value and that this is still the case, and the changes of its evaluation are slight. Therefore, this entity is universal in nature.

Urban Change in Early Medieval Italy: The Example of Pavia

1966 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 82-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Bullough
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Social History ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Medieval Studies ◽  
Medieval Italy ◽  
Warm Hospitality ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

Prefatory Note.—My interest in Pavia goes back at least to 1951 when I was elected Rome Scholar in Medieval Studies. I began seriously to collect material for the history of the city in the early Middle Ages in the winter and spring of 1953 when I enjoyed the warm hospitality of the Collegio Ghislieri, thanks to the efforts made on my behalf by the late Hugh Last, to whose memory this article is dedicated. The published proceedings of the Reichenau and Spoleto congresses on ‘The early medieval town’ in the 1950s clearly underlined the need for detailed studies of particular towns; but the lack of adequate archaeological evidence discouraged me from attempting such a study of early medieval Pavia. In 1964, however, Dr. A. Peroni, Director of the Museo Civico invited me to read a supplementary paper on this topic to the Convegno di Studio sul Centro Storico di Pavia held in the Università degli Studi at Pavia on July 4th and 5th of that year. The present article is an amplified and corrected version of that paper: I have made no substantial alterations to my account of the ‘urbanistica’ of early medieval Pavia—written for an audience of architects and art-historians as well as of historians—but have dealt more fully with the social history of the city in this period. Professor Richard Krautheimer read a draft of the revised version and made some pointed and helpful comments. I am greatly indebted to Dr. Peroni, not merely for the invitation to present the original paper but also for supplying illustrations and answering queries at a time when he and his staff were engaged in helping to repair the ravages of the Florence floods.

Comment on William J. Novak: Institutional Economics and the Progressive Movement for the Social Control of American Business

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-699
Author(s):  
Susie J. Pak
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Progressive Era ◽  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Chicago School ◽  
American Business ◽  
Progressive Movement ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Political Economy

William J. Novak's engaging historiography is at once a recovery project and a prolegomenon to a revised history of political economy. His article chronicles the achievements of Progressive Era institutional economists and critiques the way they have been obscured by the shadow of the Chicago School of economics. Why do the Progressives deserve to be recovered and remembered? According to Novak, it is because they “underwrote one of the more fundamental governmental revolutions in modern times” and created the foundations for the “social control of business” (pp. 676, 672).

Intellectual Schisms in Philippine Psychology are Schisms of the Self: Meditations from an East-West Comparative Standpoint

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-318
Author(s):  
Joseph Anthony Narciso Tiangco
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Critical Reflection ◽  
Zen Buddhism ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
The Self ◽  
Value System ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
East West

AbstractCritical reflection on the study of psychology situates both students and practitioners in a position to ponder upon not only the conceptual, methodological, and perhaps, theoretical advances within the discipline, but more so, in rediscovering what psychology is in the first place. The first part of this paper provides a discussion on how psychology can be remembered and studied within the backdrop of a condensed history of intellectual progression. Within this context, intellectual schisms can be understood as prompted by the value system held by members of a scientific community. Such a value system, therefore, is also attributable to the emergence of contending perspectives and systems that characterize psychology within a postmodern context. The second part of this paper argues that since psychology is the study of the self, then Eastern re flections have a place in situating Zen Buddhism as it correlates with Western postmodernism. The problem of the self in Eastern philosophy is a source of rich insight in arguing that the emptiness of the self is, in fact, due to its fluidity. Given this, I conclude in this paper that the fluidity of the self accounts for the fluidity of knowledge in psychology and the rest of the social sciences. I pose the challenge that the practice of psychology in the Philippines, as a science and profession, should take on a spiritual depth in consideration of the positive values espoused by postmodernism from an East-West comparative standpoint.

scholarly journals Współistnienie języków na ziemiach byłego Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego w świetle prac Jana Karłowicza

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 41-51
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Koniusz
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
Linguistic Interference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Bilingualism And Multilingualism ◽  
Grand Duchy

Co-existence of languages in the area of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the light of the works of Jan KarłowiczThe article discusses the issues of the co-existence of languages in the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the consequences of the phenomenon as documented in the works of Jan Karłowicz – the outstanding scholar of the second half of the nineteenth century, an expert and researcher of the “Lithuanian” version of Polish language. The article emphasizes the fact that the research on languages in the area of The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and results of their co-existence goes back to the second half of the nineteenth century and Jan Karłowicz was the pioneer of this research. He was the first to observe the following phenomena of their co-existence: interference; bilingualism and multilingualism; prioritization of co-existing languages with the unique role of the Polish language in focusing various functions in the history of The Grand Duchy of Lithuania; the diversity of Polish with sociolinguistic classification of its provincia­lisms and their division in the view of their origin; and the dangers to the Polish language in the period of Russification. Karłowicz struggled with the lack of terminology to describe the linguistic phenomena characteristic for the area. The article focuses on the classification of provincial qualities of the “Lithuanian” Polish language executed by Karłowicz in the social and ethnolinguistic area; and on the presentation of the phenomenon of linguistic interference visible in the provincial vocabulary in The Grand Duchy of Lithuania collected in “Dictionary of Polish dialects” by Karłowicz. Сосуществование языков на территории бывшего Великого княжества Литовского в свете произведений Яна КарловичаЦель данной статьи – показать сосуществование языков на землях бывшего Великого княжества Литовского (ВКЛ) и последствий этого явления, засвидетельствованных в работах Яна Карловича, видного ученого второй половины девятнадцатого века, знатока и исследователя „литовского” польского языка. Автор статьи указывает на то, что изучение языков в Великом княжестве Литовском, последствиям их сосуществования относятся ко второй половине девятнадцатого века, а их первым исследователем был Карлович. Им впервые были отмечены такие проявления этого сосуществования, как языковая интерференция, билингвизм и многоязычие, иерархия сосуществующих языков и диалектов. Выделена особая роль польского языка, объединившего целый ряд функций в истории ВКЛ, дифференциация внутри польского языка, социолингвистическая классификация его диалектизмов и их деление по происхождению, угрозы для польского языка в период сильной русификации. Особое внимание автор статьи сосредоточил на классификации провинциальных особенностей „литовского” польского языка, осуществлённой Карловичем в социальном и этнолингвистическом плане, а также на проявлениях интерференции в провинциальной лексике, ведущей своё происхождение из Великого княжества Литовского, собранной в „Словаре польских диалектов” Карловича.

The Two Degrees Celsius Limit

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Climate Science ◽  
Acceptable Level ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Definitive Answer ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

International climate negotiations seek to limit warming to an average of two degrees Celsius (2°C). This objective is justified by the claim that scientists have identified two degrees of warming as the point at which climate change becomes dangerous. Climate scientists themselves maintain that while science can provide projections of possible impacts at different levels of warming, determining what constitutes an acceptable level of risk is not a matter to be decided by science alone, but is a value choice to be deliberated upon by societies as a whole. Hence, while climate science can inform debates about how much warming is too much, it cannot provide a definitive answer to that question. In order to fully understand how climate change came to be defined as a phenomenon with a single global dangerous limit of 2°C, it is necessary to incorporate insights from the social sciences. Political economy, culture, economics, sociology, geography, and social psychology have all played a role in defining what constitutes an acceptable level of climate risk. These perspectives can be applied through the framework of institutional analysis to examine reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and other international organizations. This interdisciplinary approach offers the potential to provide a comprehensive history of how climate science has been interpreted in policy making. An interdisciplinary analysis is also essential in order to move beyond historical description to provide a narrative of considerable explanatory power. Such insights offer a valuable framework for considering current debates about whether or not it will be possible to limit warming to 2°C.

Romania—Between Continuity and Change

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 525-552
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Political Organization ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Central Focus ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
Critical Account ◽  
National Salvation ◽  
Powerful Group

This essay presents a critical account of the social and political history of postcommunist Romania from the time of the violent overthrow of Nicolae Ceauşescu’s communist dictatorial regime in 1989 to the writing of the essay in 1995. King Michael chronicles the processes through which power in Romania following 1989 was quickly seized by representatives of the former Communist Party and the communist secret police (Departamentul Securităţii Statului or Securitate). Led by Ion Iliescu, a former communist leader and one-time protégé of Ceauşescu, a powerful group of politicians came to dominate the National Salvation Front, an originally anticommunist political organization that held power following the coup. Through manipulation of the media and voting processes and imposition of a flawed new constitution, Iliescu ensured the ascendancy of his Party of Social Democracy during the first half of the 1990s. The essay critiques the course of events and laments the faltering pace of both economic and political reform resulting from the stagnant Romanian political situation and the persistence of former communist leaders in government. Additionally, although not as its central focus, King Michael argues that a restoration of the Romanian monarchy could help to stabilize and improve the country’s political fortunes.

A PROTOCOL FOR MAKING AN AGREEMENT IN A PEER-TO-PEER (P2P) SOCIETY

2008 ◽  
Vol 09 (04) ◽  
pp. 317-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
AILIXIER AIKEBAIER ◽  
VALBONA BAROLLI ◽  
TOMOYA ENOKIDO ◽  
MAKOTO TAKIZAWA
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Behaviors ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Agreement Protocols ◽  
Agreement Condition

There are many discussions on agreement protocols of multiple peer processes (peers) where every peer just aims at agreeing on one value out of values shown by the peers. In meetings of human societies, agreement procedures are so flexible that persons can change their opinions and can use not only all-condition where every person agrees on one value but also various types of agreement conditions like majority-condition. In this paper, we discuss a flexible agreement protocol of multiple peers by taking into account human behaviors in social agreement procedures. Each peer first takes a value v1 and notifies the other peers of the value v1. A peer pi in turn receives values from other peers. Unless a set of the values from all the peers satisfy the agreement condition, the peer pi can take another value v2. In order to model the social human behavior, in our previous work we discussed E - and P -precedent relations [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] on values of a peer pi. The relations [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] show that a peer pi can take a value v2 after taking a value v1 and prefers v1 to v2, respectively. If a peer autonomously takes values based on its precedent relations, the peers might not make an agreement even if there exists a satisfiable set of previous values. We discuss what previous values the peer can take again. In this paper, we try to find a satisfiable set of previous values in a history of values which the peers have so far taken, in addition for each peer to taking a new value at each round.

scholarly journals How to Write a Positivist Legal History: Lessons from the 18th and 19th Centuries English Jurists William Blackstone and James Fitzjames Stephen

Histories ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-183
Author(s):  
Susanna Menis
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal History ◽  
Social Response ◽  
Master Plan ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
The 1960S

This paper is about the shaping of the law understood as a positivist enterprise. Positivist law has been the object of contentious debate. Since the 1960s, and with the surfacing of revisionist histories, it has been suggested that the abstraction of the doctrine of criminal law is due to its categorisation in early histories. However, it is argued here that positivism was hardly an intentional master plan of autocratic social control. Rather, it is important to recognise that historians do not provide a value-free recount of history. This paper examines this assertion by drawing on the writings of the English jurists William Blackstone and his work Commentaries on the Law of England (1765), and James Fitzjames Stephen’s A History of the Criminal Law of England (1883). Taking these scholars not as mere a-historical writers but reflecting on the fact that they inevitably ‘functioned’ as conduits of their own social practise opens an inquiry into the social response to a social need, which was already under way long before their time.

scholarly journals Duchowa kultura Tatarów polskich jako integralny element kultury pogranicza słowiańsko-muzułmańskiego

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 151-163
Author(s):  
Selim Chazbijewicz
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
East Europe ◽  
Spiritual Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Integral Element ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

The spiritual culture of Polish Tatars as an integral element of the Slavic‑Muslim borderlands cultureThe present article depicts the unique culture of Polish Tatars in the context of their history and the histories of other Muslim cultures in Europe, especially in Bosnia. In particular, this article presents the history of this small ethnic group as well as the specificity of their religious practices in relation to the Ottoman tradition and the culture of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Further, the article discusses the tradition of Sufism (the Bektashi and Jesewije orders), as well as its relations with shamanism and its remains. What is more, the article portrays Tatar writings in comparison with the Muslim written culture in East Europe and in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Subsequently, the article analyses Tatar rites: their forms and changes they have undergone. These forms reflect the uniqueness of the Tatar culture in the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in the present-day Poland. The existing forms are combinations of Tatar, Muslim and Slavic spirituality and provide evidence that the Polish Tatar culture is strongly related to Slavic and Muslim cultures, especially the Ottoman culture and the culture of the former Crimean Khanate. Духовнaя культура польских татар как интегральная часть культуры на славяно-мусульманском пограничьеВ статье указана специфика культуры польских татар в истории и в контексте других мусульманских культур, существующих в Европе. Автор представил историю этой этнической группы, а также специфическое религиозное сознание в контексте османской империи как соседа древней Речи Посполитой. В статье отмечена также специфика суфийских источников татарских религиозных обрядов. Автор показал религиозную письменность польских татар, ее корни в области языка и литературной традиции. Формы, которые до сих пор сохранились, свидетельствуют об идентичности древней культуры польских татар с культурой османской и бывшего крымского ханства, а также о славянском влиянии.

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