scholarly journals Osposobljavanje liječnika medicine rada i stručnjaka zaštite na radu u SAD-u

Sigurnost ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-362
Author(s):  
Eric Wood
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Occupational Injury ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Technical Writing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Science ◽  
Occupational Safety And Health ◽  
Core Knowledge ◽  
Safety And Health

SUMMARY: Professionals have been working in occupational safety and health (OS&H) in the United States since at least the advent of the Industrial Revolution. Formal educational in OS&H began in earnest with passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) of 1970 that included provisions for funding training in OS&H disciplines. A study conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in 2011 estimated that there were over 48,000 (2.3/10,000 working age adults) OS&H professionals working in the US. Employers surveyed in this study reported a need to hire over 25,000 OS&H professionals in the next 5 years. OS&H training programs were projected to graduate less than 13,000 students in that period. Core knowledge and skills in the various OS&H disciplines typically includes academic training in epidemiology, biostatistics, administration & management, behavioral health science, industrial hygiene, ergonomics, and foundation courses in occupational injury and disease prevention. Employers report interest in additional training in communication, technical writing, leadership, cross-disciplinary training, emerging hazards, and knowledge of regulations and compliance. Funding of OS&H programs has been a persistent challenge. A lack of student awareness of training and career opportunities poses additional challenges for recruitment of qualified applicants. While hiring demands and career prospects remain high for most OS&H disciplines, the support for training programs, and the supply of new graduates presents ongoing challenges for OS&H educators.

Occupational Safety and Health in the Temporary Services Industry

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessa Bonney ◽  
Linda Forst ◽  
Samara Rivers ◽  
Marsha Love ◽  
Preethi Pratap ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Occupational Injury ◽  
Occupational Safety And Health ◽  
Coalition Building ◽  
Temporary Workers ◽  
Workplace Hazards ◽  
Survey Tool ◽  
Recruitment Methods ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Temporary Staffing

Workers in the temporary staffing industry face hazardous working conditions and have a high risk of occupational injury. This project brought together local workers’ centers and university investigators to build a corps of Occupational Health Promoters (OHPs) and to test a survey tool and recruitment methods to identify hazards and raise awareness among workers employed by temporary staffing companies. OHPs interviewed ninety-eight workers employed by thirty-three temporary agencies and forty-nine client companies, working mainly in shipping and packing, manufacturing, and warehousing sectors. Surveys identified workplace hazards. OHPs reported two companies to OSHA, resulting in several citations. Partners reported greater understanding of occupational safety and health challenges for temporary workers and continue to engage in training, peer education, and coalition building.

Obesity Research in Occupational Safety and Health

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1022-1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahboobeh Ghesmaty Sangachin ◽  
Lora A. Cavuoto
Keyword(s):  
Work Performance ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Occupational Injury ◽  
Occupational Safety And Health ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Current State ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
And Performance ◽  
General Studies ◽  
Future Work

Obesity is an emerging health problem among the workforce. This review examined the published literature in the last decade presented in prominent human factors and occupational safety and health journals to map out the current state of the research and direct future work. Overall, 44 studies were identified, out of which 27% focused on general effects of obesity on work performance, disability or occupational injury and 73% studied hypotheses regarding the effect of obesity on functional capacity, balance and performance of specific tasks. While over 90% of general studies suggest some significant adverse effect, only ~47% of specific studies report such results. While obesity co- occurs with chronic conditions such as diabetes or cardio-respiratory issues, laboratory based studies which exclude subjects with comorbidities may fail to fully manifest obesity effects. With only four studies identified that investigated an interaction of obesity with other personal or job-related health risks, future research in this regard is warranted.

The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970

1972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore F. Schoenborn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Coal Mine ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
The United States ◽  
Occupational Safety And Health ◽  
Health Programs ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Health Laws ◽  
Mine Health And Safety

It is a pleasure to be here today to speak to you about the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, which is landmark legislation by any measure applied to it. The Act applies to every employer affecting commerce in the United States and its territories which was not covered by other Federal occupational safety and health laws, such as the Metal and Non-metallic Mine Act, the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act and the Atomic Energy Act of 1954. By 1973 a study is to be completed containing recommendations for combining all Federal occupational safety and health programs. Paper published with permission.

Design Recommendations for Controlling the Jam-Clearing Hazard on Recycling Industry Balers

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Mick ◽  
K. Means ◽  
J. Etherton ◽  
J. Powers ◽  
E. A. McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Laboratory Testing ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
The United States ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Occupational Safety And Health ◽  
Hydraulic Pressure ◽  
Design Recommendations ◽  
Recycling Industry ◽  
Safety And Health

Between 1986 and 2002, there were 43 fatalities in the United States to operators of recycling industry balers. Of these fatalities, 29 involved horizontal balers that were baling paper and cardboard (Taylor, 2002). Balers often become jammed while the baling process is occurring, and the only way to remove the jam is manually. This requires an employee to place a limb of their body into the jamming area and remove the material that is causing the jam. While lockout and tagout procedures reduce the risk of hazardous energy being released, they can still be easily bypassed, ignored, or forgotten. Recent efforts to reduce machine-related injury and death involve the development of a control system for these machines that automatically detects hazardous operating conditions and responds accordingly. The system is being developed at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). This system, JamAlert, automatically terminates the power to the machine when a jam is detected. JamAlert detects a jam by observing both the strain that is experienced by the shear bar of the baler and the hydraulic pressure at which the ram is operating. The strain that is experienced by the baler shear bar when a jam is initiated was calculated in this study through laboratory testing and finite element modeling. Design recommendations are presented on how best to tune the JamAlert’s operating program to most effectively control the jam-clearing hazard.

scholarly journals Review of NIOSH Cannabis-Related Health Hazard Evaluations and Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 693-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R Couch ◽  
George Reed Grimes ◽  
Brett J Green ◽  
Douglas M Wiegand ◽  
Bradley King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Occupational Exposures ◽  
The United States ◽  
Occupational Safety And Health ◽  
Hazard Evaluation ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Safety And Health

Abstract Since 2004, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has received 10 cannabis-related health hazard evaluation (HHE) investigation requests from law enforcement agencies (n = 5), state-approved cannabis grow operations (n = 4), and a coroner’s office (n = 1). Earlier requests concerned potential illicit drug exposures (including cannabis) during law enforcement activities and criminal investigations. Most recently HHE requests have involved state-approved grow operations with potential occupational exposures during commercial cannabis production for medicinal and non-medical (recreational) use. As of 2019, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration has banned cannabis as a Schedule I substance on the federal level. However, cannabis legalization at the state level has become more common in the USA. In two completed cannabis grow operation HHE investigations (two investigations are still ongoing as of 2019), potential dermal exposures were evaluated using two distinct surface wipe sample analytical methods. The first analyzed for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) using a liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS–MS) method with a limit of detection (LOD) of 4 nanograms (ng) per sample. A second method utilized high performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection to analyze for four phytocannabinoids (Δ9-THC, Δ9-THC acid, cannabidiol, and cannabinol) with a LOD (2000 ng per sample) which, when comparing Δ9-THC limits, was orders of magnitude higher than the LC–MS–MS method. Surface wipe sampling results for both methods illustrated widespread contamination of all phytocannabinoids throughout the tested occupational environments, highlighting the need to consider THC form (Δ9-THC or Δ9-THC acid) as well as other biologically active phytocannabinoids in exposure assessments. In addition to potential cannabis-related dermal exposures, ergonomic stressors, and psychosocial issues, the studies found employees in cultivation, harvesting, and processing facilities could potentially be exposed to allergens and respiratory hazards through inhalation of organic dusts (including fungus, bacteria, and endotoxin) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione. These hazards were most evident during the decarboxylation and grinding of dried cannabis material, where elevated job-specific concentrations of VOCs and endotoxin were generated. Additionally, utilization of contemporary gene sequencing methods in NIOSH HHEs provided a more comprehensive characterization of microbial communities sourced during cannabis cultivation and processing. Internal Transcribed Spacer region sequencing revealed over 200 fungal operational taxonomic units and breathing zone air samples were predominantly composed of Botrytis cinerea, a cannabis plant pathogen. B. cinerea, commonly known as gray mold within the industry, has been previously associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis. This work elucidates new occupational hazards related to cannabis production and the evolving occupational safety and health landscape of an emerging industry, provides a summary of cannabis-related HHEs, and discusses critical lessons learned from these previous HHEs.

IMPACT OF OSHA ON GEOPHYSICAL OPERATIONS

Geophysics ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 380-380
Author(s):  
Frank Searcy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
The United States ◽  
Occupational Safety And Health ◽  
Safety And Health

The Williams‐Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 has placed new responsibilities on everyone involved in geophysical operations in the United States. This law applies in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and territories under the jurisdiction of the United States. The declared congressional purpose of the act is “to assure so far as possible every working man and woman in the nation safe and healthful working conditions and to preserve our human resources.”

A Short History of Occupational Safety and Health in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 622-628
Author(s):  
David Rosner ◽  
Gerald Markowitz
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
The United States ◽  
Occupational Safety And Health ◽  
Mine Safety ◽  
Health Administration ◽  
Short History ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of

As this short history of occupational safety and health before and after establishment of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) clearly demonstrates, labor has always recognized perils in the workplace, and as a result, workers’ safety and health have played an essential part of the battles for shorter hours, higher wages, and better working conditions. OSHA’s history is an intimate part of a long struggle over the rights of working people to a safe and healthy workplace. In the early decades, strikes over working conditions multiplied. The New Deal profoundly increased the role of the federal government in the field of occupational safety and health. In the 1960s, unions helped mobilize hundreds of thousands of workers and their unions to push for federal legislation that ultimately resulted in the passage of the Mine Safety and Health Act of 1969 and the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. From the 1970s onward, industry developed a variety of tactics to undercut OSHA. Industry argued over what constituted good science, shifted the debate from health to economic costs, and challenged all statements considered damaging.

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