Mapping Seasonality and Rural Production from a Geohistorical Perspective: The “Ripening Time Registry” of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Nineteenth Century, Italy)

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 284-302
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Grava ◽  
Nicola Gabellieri ◽  
Giancarlo Macchi Janica
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Distribution Spatiale ◽  
Ripening Time ◽  
Nous Permet ◽  
Facteurs Environnementaux ◽  
Changements Climatiques ◽  
Rural Production ◽  
Grand Duchy

L’analyse des sources géohistoriques pour l’étude de la saisonnalité rurale du passé et des changements climatiques a commencé à susciter l’intérêt de la recherche internationale. Plusieurs chercheurs réclament de nouvelles sources afin de concevoir un cadre interprétatif qualitatif ou quantitatif. Dans cet esprit, l’article présente une élaboration cartographique d’un cadastre créé par le Grand-Duché de Toscane au XIXe siècle et auparavant inconnu, qui contient la liste de tous les produits agricoles et leurs temps de maturation dans les communautés toscanes. Sur la base de la cartographie du XIXe siècle, les données du registre ont été numérisées et géolocalisées à l’aide d’applications d’applications basées sur un SIG. Cette source permet de reconstituer la distribution spatiale et temporelle des semaines nécessaires dans le passé pour que ces produits murissent dans différentes régions de la Toscane. Ensuite, les périodes pendant lesquelles les espèces herbacées et arborées atteignaient la maturité et où elles étaient commercialisées ont été cartographiées. L’analyse montre qu’il existe entre les régions toscanes, au XIXe siècle, de nombreuses différences que les facteurs environnementaux ne suffisent pas à expliquer. De plus, l’examen des périodes de maturation du châtaignier entre le XIXe siècle et aujourd’hui nous permet d’étudier les effets de la hausse des températures sur la maturation. Pour conclure, nous présentons un portail SIG en ligne où les disciplines intéressées par la phytologie peuvent consulter les données.

Shakespeare and the Birth of Polish Romanticism: Vilna 1786–1846

1996 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-146
Author(s):  
Jaroslaw Komorowski
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Science And Art ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Polish Culture ◽  
The Town ◽  
Grand Duchy

The first phase of a long and complex process of the Polish reception of William Shakespeare's oeuvre ended in the middle of the nineteenth century with the popularization of new translations and the gradual elimination of French and German classicist adaptations. Vilna, vital centre of Polish culture, science and art, was the birthplace of Polish Romanticism and a hotbed of theatrical innovation. Vilna was also, at the turn of the eighteenth century, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and one of the major cities of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The school stage of Vilna Academy, established by Stefan Batory in 1578, had been active since 1582. In 1639, English actors belonging to Robert Archer's company may have visited the town; though the performances planned by King Wladyslaw IV did not take place. A permanent professional theatre was opened in 1785, when Wojciech Boguslawski, the greatest personality of the theatre of the Polish Enlightenment, came up from Warsaw with his troupe.

scholarly journals Visual Stereotypes of Tatars in the Finnish Press from the 1880s to the 1910s

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-39
Author(s):  
Ainur Elmgren
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Religious Minorities ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Grand Duchy

Visual stereotypes constitute a set of tropes through which the Other is described and depicted to anaudience, who perhaps never will encounter the individuals that those tropes purport to represent.Upon the arrival of Muslim Tatar traders in Finland in the late nineteenth century, newspapers andsatirical journals utilized visual stereotypes to identify the new arrivals and draw demarcation linesbetween them and what was considered “Finnish”. The Tatars arrived during a time of tension inthe relationship between the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland and the Russian Empire, withthe Finnish intelligentsia divided along political and language lines. Stereotypical images of Tatarpedlars were used as insults against political opponents within Finland and as covert criticism ofthe policies of the Russian Empire. Stereotypes about ethnic and religious minorities like the Tatarsfulfilled a political need for substitute enemy images; after Finland became independent in 1917,these visual stereotypes almost disappeared.

Developing the Mexican Countryside: The Department of Fomento's Social Project of Modernization

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey Marina Lurtz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Policy Science ◽  
Land Policy ◽  
Concerted Effort ◽  
Science And Education ◽  
Social Project ◽  
Rural Production

From the mid-nineteenth century onward, governments across Latin America founded departments offomento, or development, to promote economic growth and modernization. This article looks at the evolution of this department in Mexico and the ways in which it integrated infrastructure, migration, land policy, science, and education into a rural economic and social project. For Department of Fomento leaders, agriculture became the connective tissue linking peace to prosperity. Though many failed, initiatives aimed at increasing the diversity of Mexico's rural production illustrate a concerted effort to avoid top-heavy monoculture and use scientific planning to stabilize and unify the nation.

Anti-Judaism in Intra-Christian Conflict: Catholics and Liberals in Baden in the 1840s

1994 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagmar Herzog
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Religious Right ◽  
German States ◽  
Anti Jewish ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Grand Duchy

This essay examines the paradoxical relationship between Jewish emancipation and the revival of Catholic neoorthodoxy in the years preceding the revolutions of 1848/49. My focus is on the Grand Duchy of Baden, renowned as the most liberal of all the nineteenth-century German states. The rise of neoorthodoxy in Baden provoked political liberals to rethink the relationship between church and state and, consequently, through a conjunction of circumstance, to make Jewish emancipation a central plank in their political platfrom. The Jewish emancipation implemented by the liberals in the revolutionary years, however, would be heavily burdened from its inception by the manner in which the new Catholic “religious right” deployed anti-Jewish rhetoric in its struggle for religious and political influence.

scholarly journals Współistnienie języków na ziemiach byłego Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego w świetle prac Jana Karłowicza

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 41-51
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Koniusz
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
Linguistic Interference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Bilingualism And Multilingualism ◽  
Grand Duchy

Co-existence of languages in the area of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the light of the works of Jan KarłowiczThe article discusses the issues of the co-existence of languages in the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the consequences of the phenomenon as documented in the works of Jan Karłowicz – the outstanding scholar of the second half of the nineteenth century, an expert and researcher of the “Lithuanian” version of Polish language. The article emphasizes the fact that the research on languages in the area of The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and results of their co-existence goes back to the second half of the nineteenth century and Jan Karłowicz was the pioneer of this research. He was the first to observe the following phenomena of their co-existence: interference; bilingualism and multilingualism; prioritization of co-existing languages with the unique role of the Polish language in focusing various functions in the history of The Grand Duchy of Lithuania; the diversity of Polish with sociolinguistic classification of its provincia­lisms and their division in the view of their origin; and the dangers to the Polish language in the period of Russification. Karłowicz struggled with the lack of terminology to describe the linguistic phenomena characteristic for the area. The article focuses on the classification of provincial qualities of the “Lithuanian” Polish language executed by Karłowicz in the social and ethnolinguistic area; and on the presentation of the phenomenon of linguistic interference visible in the provincial vocabulary in The Grand Duchy of Lithuania collected in “Dictionary of Polish dialects” by Karłowicz. Сосуществование языков на территории бывшего Великого княжества Литовского в свете произведений Яна КарловичаЦель данной статьи – показать сосуществование языков на землях бывшего Великого княжества Литовского (ВКЛ) и последствий этого явления, засвидетельствованных в работах Яна Карловича, видного ученого второй половины девятнадцатого века, знатока и исследователя „литовского” польского языка. Автор статьи указывает на то, что изучение языков в Великом княжестве Литовском, последствиям их сосуществования относятся ко второй половине девятнадцатого века, а их первым исследователем был Карлович. Им впервые были отмечены такие проявления этого сосуществования, как языковая интерференция, билингвизм и многоязычие, иерархия сосуществующих языков и диалектов. Выделена особая роль польского языка, объединившего целый ряд функций в истории ВКЛ, дифференциация внутри польского языка, социолингвистическая классификация его диалектизмов и их деление по происхождению, угрозы для польского языка в период сильной русификации. Особое внимание автор статьи сосредоточил на классификации провинциальных особенностей „литовского” польского языка, осуществлённой Карловичем в социальном и этнолингвистическом плане, а также на проявлениях интерференции в провинциальной лексике, ведущей своё происхождение из Великого княжества Литовского, собранной в „Словаре польских диалектов” Карловича.

scholarly journals Tatar Pedlars in the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Late Nineteenth Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Wassholm
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Use Of Space ◽  
The Press ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Digital Newspaper ◽  
Grand Duchy

In the 1880s, the arrival of a new group of traders was noted in Finnish- and Swedish-languagenewspapers published in the Grand Duchy of Finland. The newcomers were Muslim Tatars, pettytraders originating in a few villages south of Nizhny Novgorod. They found a livelihood in marketand itinerant trade in the Russian Empire. This article examines depictions of Tatar mobile tradersin the late nineteenth-century press in Finland. While petty trade has left fragmentary traces inhistorical sources, the Finnish National Library’s digital newspaper database offers new possibilitiesto create an overview of how the press depicted relations between the early Tatar itineranttraders and the local sedentary society. Through the concepts of space and practices, the articlediscusses the following topics: fairs as a space for ethnic encounters, Tatar trading practices andinteraction with local customers, the traders’ use of space and tactics in relation to formal regulationand the fairs as a “threatening” space. The article contributes new knowledge on the earlyperiod of Tatar presence in Finland, relatively invisible in previous research, and on the multiethniccharacter of late nineteenth-century petty trade.

scholarly journals The COllision of Definition and Identity : on the Social Status of Lithuanian Karaim in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-112
Author(s):  
Tamara Bairašauskaitė
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
Collective Identity ◽  
Community Living ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
The Right ◽  
Grand Duchy

In the nineteenth century the Karaim community of Lithuania was attributed to the non-Christian burgher estate, and laws set to the Jewish community were applicable to the Karaim as well. However, the authorities saw the difference between the two communities with respect to morality and ethics and consequently rendered the Karaim certain social and economic freedoms. The Karaim community, living in Trakai and Naujamiestis, Panevėžys district, sought to retrieve its former legal and social status, formed in the period of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania between the fourteenth and eighteenth centuries. For over half a century it maintained contacts with the authorities asking and sometimes even requiring more favourable conditions for its existence, retention of its distinctiveness and the right to preserve its collective identity. This dialogue resulted in a sort of compromise. The Karaims were not accorded the desired special status that would have made them equal to other privileged estates. Nevertheless, they were separated legally from the Jews, they acquired the rights of the Christian burgher community and their priests enjoyed the rights of Christian clergy.

scholarly journals Ruthenian Protestants of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and their relationship with Orthodoxy, 1569–1767

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-62
Author(s):  
Andrej Kotljarchuk
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Counter Reformation ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Grand Duchy

In the nineteenth century when the process of the formation of modern ethnic identity in Eastern Europe started, Belarus lost its educated strata, the Ruthenian elite, the potential leadership of this movement. That happened for a number of reasons. Among them, there was the success of the Counter-Reformation over Protestantism and Orthodoxy in Belarus and Lithuania. After 1667 Catholicism became the sign of political loyalty to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. As a result, step by step the Ruthenian nobility and the upper class of townspeople of Orthodox and Protestant faiths adopted Polish religious and cultural identity under the formula ‘gente ruthenus, natione polonus.’ Very little has been written about the ethnic Ruthenian nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, especially its Protestant group. The aim of this article is to present an overview of the relationship between the early modern Protestant and Orthodox parts of the Ruthenian elite and their correlated identity.

scholarly journals "Zapiski domowe" biskupa Macieja Wołonczewskiego jako przyczynek do poznania sytuacji społecznej i językowej na terenie dawnego Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego pod władzą carów

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 65-83
Author(s):  
Zofia Sawaniewska-Mochowa
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
Reliable Source ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

"The Domestic Notes" by Bishop Maciej Wołonczewski (Motiejus Valančius) as a contribution to the knowledge of the social and linguistic situation on the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania under the rule of the tsarsThe article introduces the interesting, albeit controversial, figure of Maciej Wołonczewski (Motiejus Valančius), an important member of the nineteenth-century clergy, and his Polish-language legacy. The bishop of Samogitia’s "Domestic Notes" document persecutions of the Catholic Church in Lithuania after the November and January Uprisings at the hands of Russian Tzarist authorities, and reflect the state of Polish language and its social functions in this historical period.Valančius’ manuscripts, published in the volume edited by the historians Aldona Prašmantaitė and Jan Jurkiewicz [Motiejus Valančius, Namų užrašai (The Domestic Notes), Vilnius: Baltos Lankos, 2003], were subjected to the far-reaching standardization of spelling, thus they are not a reliable source for a linguistic research. A linguist, who would make the effort of describing the Polish language of the author, should therefore locate and take advantage the original sources, dispersed in various archives in Vilnius. "Домашние записки" епископа Матвея Волончевского. К вопросу о социальной и языковой обстановке на территории бывшего Великого княжества Литовского во время царского правленияСтатья приближает интересную, но спорную, личность священника XIX-го века и его письменное наследие на польском языке. Заметки епископа Матвея Волончевского документируют репрессии, применяемые царским правительством по отношению к Католической церкви в Литве после восстаний против царской власти, и – одновременно – отражают состояние тогдашнего польского языка и его общественные функции. Изданные в научной разработке историков: Альдоны Прашмантайте и Яна Юркевича рукописи Волончевского [Motiejus Valančius, Namų užrašai (Домашние заметки), Vilnius: Baltos lankos, 2003] сильно кодифицированы и не могут быть достоверным источником лингвистических исследований. Лингвист, который захочет изучить польский язык жемайтского автора, будет вынужден работать с подлинниками, разбросанными по разным вильнюсским архивным фондам.

scholarly journals From Russian Guberniya to Part of Finland: The Legislative Position of the Orthodox Church and People in the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Nineteenth Century

Chronos ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 7-34
Author(s):  
Teuvo Laitila
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Overwhelming Majority ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Southeastern Part ◽  
Border Area ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Grand Duchy

What is today the Republic of Finland, had since the twelfth century been more or less a part of Sweden. In 1807 Russia promised to support the French supremacy policy in Western Europe in return for French support for the Russian seizure of Finland. A year later, Russia invaded Finland and occupied the whole country. In the 1809 Treaty of Fredikshamn (in Finnish, Hamina), Finland was annexed to Russia as an autonomous Grand Duchy. Three years later the southeastern part of Finland, the so-called 'Old Finland, or what in Russian was called the guberniya of Vyborg (in Finnish, Viipuri) — a territory Russia had taken between 1721 and 1743 — was incorporated into the rest of Finland. An overwhelming majority of around twenty-five to thirty thousand Orthodox people2 on Finnish soil lived in that territory, particularly in the Finno-Russian border area called Karelia. Administratively they were part of the Metropolinate of St Petersburg, although their closest superior was the Spiritual Board (later Consistory) at Vyborg (a town close to St Petersburg). At the local level they were divided into eight Finnish or Karelian-speaking parishes. In addition, there were three Russian-speaking parishes consisting of a few thousand members. During the nineteenth century, new parishes were established so that in 1890, there were 26 parishes with nearly 51 000 members, of which some one-fifth were Russian-speaking

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