Affirmative Action and Positive Discrimination

2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-98
Author(s):  
Daniel Disalvo ◽  
James W. Ceaser
Keyword(s):  
Affirmative Action ◽  
Group Status ◽  
University Admissions ◽  
Positive Discrimination

A specter is haunting France and America. It is known alternatively as “discrimination positive” or “affirmative action.” The concept refers to policies that legitimate the use of measures that explicitly take into account an individual’s group status in the allocation of jobs, contracts, and university admissions to assist groups that are disadvantaged and that have suffered historically from discrimination. According to its proponents, the larger objectives of these policies include eliminating patterns of negative discrimination, producing greater equality, integrating members of these groups into society by giving them a larger stake in it, and achieving greater representativeness or diversity.

From free to fee: Neoliberalising preferential policy measures for minority education in China

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 82-99
Author(s):  
Naomi C.F. Yamada
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Affirmative Action ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western China ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
University Admissions ◽  
Positive Discrimination ◽  
Preferential Policy

In both China and in the United States, policies of 'positive discrimination' were originally intended to lessen educational and economic inequalities, and to provide equal opportunities. As with affirmative action in the American context, China's 'preferential policies' are broad-reaching, but are best known for taking ethnic background into consideration for university admissions. The rhetoric of China's preferential policy discourse has remained surprisingly constant but shifts to a market-economy and incorporation of neoliberal elements have resulted in fee-based reforms that discourage inclusion of poorer students. In addition, as ethnic minority students principally from Western China compete to enter 'self-funded' college preparatory programmes, public funding is being directed towards the achievement of 'world-class' universities overwhelmingly concentrated in Eastern China. In contrast, in the United States, the difficulty of defending affirmative action in the face of a neoliberal climate has resulted in a shift in policy. If in China the policy remains even as the 'rule' has changed (Arno 2009), in contrast, in American institutions the rhetoric has shifted away from affirmative action in favour of diversity but efforts to hold on to the rules that promote equal opportunities remain.

scholarly journals Winners and Losers: Changes in Texas University Admissions Post-Hopwood

2008 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark C. Long ◽  
Marta Tienda
Keyword(s):  
Affirmative Action ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Underrepresented Minority ◽  
University Admissions ◽  
New Policies

This article evaluates changes in racial and ethnic composition of three Texas universities following the ban on affirmative action imposed by the 1996 Hopwood decision. The authors estimate the extent to which universities practiced affirmative action before the ban and evaluate how officers at these universities responded by changing relative weights accorded to various applicant characteristics. After assessing whether changes in the relative weights favored minority applicants, the degree to which these new policies succeeded in maintaining minority shares at their pre- Hopwood levels is simulated. This article finds that these universities complied with the Hopwood ruling such that direct advantages given to Black and Hispanic applicants disappeared (and in some cases became disadvantages). Although there is some evidence that universities changed the weights they placed on applicant characteristics in ways that aided underrepresented minority applicants, these changes were insufficient to restore Black and Hispanic applicants’ share of admitted students.

scholarly journals Would the Elimination of Affirmative Action Affect Highly Qualified Minority Applicants? Evidence from California and Texas

ILR Review ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Card ◽  
Alan B. Krueger
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Affirmative Action ◽  
Minority Students ◽  
Hispanic Students ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
University Admissions ◽  
College And University ◽  
Admission Rates ◽  
Before And After ◽  
College Application Behavior

Between 1996 and 1998 California and Texas eliminated the use of affirmative action in college and university admissions. At the states' elite public universities admission rates of black and Hispanic students subsequently fell by 30–50% and minority representation in the entering freshman classes declined. This study investigates whether the elimination of affirmative action changed minority students' college application behavior. A particular concern is that highly qualified minorities—who were not directly affected by the policy change—would be dissuaded from applying to elite public schools, either because of reduced campus diversity or because of uncertainty about their admission prospects. The authors use information from SAT takers in the two states to compare the fractions of minority students who sent their test scores to selective state institutions before and after the elimination of affirmative action. They find no change in the SAT-sending behavior of highly qualified black or Hispanic students.

scholarly journals Merebut Kursi Impian Partisipasi Perempuan di Tengah Intervensi Negara dan Dinasti Politik

Intizar ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 319
Author(s):  
Adek Risma Dedees
Keyword(s):  
Affirmative Action ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The Political ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
The Face ◽  
Positive Discrimination ◽  
The Government

Kebijakan affirmative action merupakan bentuk diksriminasi positif bagi perempuan di Indonesia untuk terlibat langsung dalam proses pembuatan dan pengambilan kebijakan di parlemen. Dengan kebijakan ini kesadaran gender di parlemen pelan tapi pasti memberikan harapan bagi perjuangan dan keadilan perempuan. Kebijakan affirmative action diharapkan mampu mengubah wajah parlemen yang bias kepentingan patriarki menuju kebijakan-kebijakan yang lebih ramah kepada perempuan. Sementara itu, partisipasi perempuan melalui dinasti politik sebagai sandaran tidak bisa disebut jelek atau tidak memiliki modal atau pengetahuan berpolitik. Sebagai tahap awal dan lewat jalur apapun, lebih baik rakyat melihat perempuan di posisi paling tinggi di pemerintahan, perusahaan, dan organisasi daripada tidak sama sekali. Jenis penelitian ini kualitatif interpretatif dengan kajian pustaka perihal persoalan partisipasi perempuan dalam ranah politik.Affirmative action policies are forms of positive discrimination for women in Indonesia to be directly involved in the manufacturing process and policy making in parliament. With this policy of gender awareness in parliament, it slowly but surely gives hope to women's struggle and justice. Affirmative action policies are expected to change the face of parliament biased towards the interests of patriarchal policies that are more friendly to women. Meanwhile, the participation of women through political dynasty as the backrest cannot be called bad, or does not have the capital or knowledge of politics. As an early stage and through any path, it is much better people's view of women is in the highest positions in the government, companies, and organizations than nothing at all. This type of research is qualitative interpretive literature review regarding the issue of women's participation in the political sphere.

Affirmative Action in French Law

1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-177
Author(s):  
Gwenaëlle Calves
Keyword(s):  
Affirmative Action ◽  
General Public ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
French Law ◽  
Positive Discrimination ◽  
Family Allowances

In recent years, the concept of positive discrimination has attracted considerable attention in France among both legal scholars and the general public. In an increasing number of areas, ranging from access to bicycle paths to restriction of family allowances according to income, any rules that appear to depart, however slightly, from the prevailing norm of equal treatment strictly construed, now tend to be presented as measures of positive discrimination.

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