scholarly journals Does the Behavioral Stress Response of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus Breeders During Isolation Influence Seed Production?

2020 ◽  
pp. 208-215
Author(s):  
Emmanuel M. Vera Cruz ◽  
Eddie Boy T. Jimenez ◽  
Bethzaida M. Apongol-Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Color Pattern ◽  
Eye Color ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Behavioral Stress ◽  
Nile Tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Breeding Cycles ◽  
Total Seed

This experiment assessed the effect of breeder’s behavioral stress response [i.e., eye color pattern (ECP)] during isolation on O. niloticus seed production. ECP change was marked by fractional color changes of the iris and sclera, which was transformed into scores ranging from 0 (no darkening) to 8 (total darkening). After isolation, breeders were divided into two social groups: proactive breeders (PB) were those with a mean ECP score of <2, and reactive breeders (RB) with a mean ECP score of >6. Two breeding cycles were done in six (1 m x 2 m x 1 m) net enclosures. Mean spawning rates (SR) in PB during the two cycles were 38.89±14.70% and 33.33±8.87% while 3.33±9.62% and 22.22±2.48% in the RB group. Total seed productions (TSP) in PB were 1,906.22±733.72 and 1,681.19±1,070.48 fry, and those in RB were 996.35±218.11 and 461.39±151.37 fry. There were no significant differences between the two groups on SR and TSP in both cycles. On seed production per female that spawned, however, significantly (P<0.05) higher means (796.33±77.68 and 726.33±124.08 fry) were observed in the PB compared to those in RB (522.73±54.68 and 335.83±44.98 fry). These results demonstrated that seed production in O. niloticus could be increased by selecting proactive breeders through the evaluation of their ECP during isolation.

scholarly journals Recent Advancements in Enzyme-Based Lateral Flow Immunoassays

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3358
Author(s):  
Donato Calabria ◽  
Maria Maddalena Calabretta ◽  
Martina Zangheri ◽  
Elisa Marchegiani ◽  
Ilaria Trozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Qualitative Information ◽  
Eye Color ◽  
Commercial Success ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Critical Overview ◽  
Detection Technologies

Paper-based lateral-flow immunoassays (LFIAs) have achieved considerable commercial success and their impact in diagnostics is continuously growing. LFIA results are often obtained by visualizing by the naked eye color changes in given areas, providing a qualitative information about the presence/absence of the target analyte in the sample. However, this platform has the potential to provide ultrasensitive quantitative analysis for several applications. Indeed, LFIA is based on well-established immunological techniques, which have known in the last year great advances due to the combination of highly sensitive tracers, innovative signal amplification strategies and last-generation instrumental detectors. All these available progresses can be applied also to the LFIA platform by adapting them to a portable and miniaturized format. This possibility opens countless strategies for definitively turning the LFIA technique into an ultrasensitive quantitative method. Among the different proposals for achieving this goal, the use of enzyme-based immunoassay is very well known and widespread for routine analysis and it can represent a valid approach for improving LFIA performances. Several examples have been recently reported in literature exploiting enzymes properties and features for obtaining significative advances in this field. In this review, we aim to provide a critical overview of the recent progresses in highly sensitive LFIA detection technologies, involving the exploitation of enzyme-based amplification strategies. The features and applications of the technologies, along with future developments and challenges, are also discussed.

scholarly journals Serotonin pathway gene–gene and gene–environment interactions influence behavioral stress response in infant rhesus macaques

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin L. Kinnally ◽  
Genesio M. Karere ◽  
Leslie A. Lyons ◽  
Sally P. Mendoza ◽  
William A. Mason ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Behavioral Activity ◽  
Risk Alleles ◽  
Behavioral Stress ◽  
Gene Environment ◽  
Social Separation ◽  
Infant Rhesus

AbstractA subset of serotonin (5-HT) pathway polymorphisms has been shown to confer risk for psychological dysfunction, particularly in individuals who experience early adversity. Understanding the developmental processes underlying these Gene × Environment interactions will strengthen the search for risk factors for behavioral dysfunction. We investigated the combined influence of two serotonin pathway polymorphisms and species-atypical, and possibly adverse, rearing (nursery rearing [NR]) on two dimensions of behavioral stress response in infant rhesus macaques. We hypothesized that the experience of NR and possession of both “high-risk” genotypes (genotypes that are thought to confer low 5-HT function) would predict the greatest behavioral stress response to maternal/social separation. Using a matched-pair design, the impact of early experience and the serotonin transporter (rh5-HTTLPR) and monoamine oxidase A (rhMAO-A-LPR) promoter polymorphisms on behavioral reactivity of 136 infant rhesus macaques (90–120 days of age) during a 25-hr social separation/relocation procedure was assessed. Each pair included one infant reared with mother in a large, outdoor field enclosure (field rearing) and one infant reared in a nursery (NR). Pairs were matched for putative gene activity of each polymorphism, sex, age, and weight at testing. Behavioral responses in a “human intruder” test were recorded, and activity and emotional reactivity composites were created to detect different aspects of psychological adaptation to stress. Our hypothesis that high-risk groups would be the most reactive to stress was not entirely borne out. Rh5-HTTLPR × rhMAOA-LPR interactions predicted emotional reactivity and tended to predict behavioral activity scores. Carriers of the two “low-risk” alleles exhibited the lowest behavioral activity, as might be predicted, but carriers of both “high-risk” alleles were two of four genotype groups exhibiting the highest observed Emotional Reactivity. Gene × Gene interactions were exacerbated by the experience of nursery rearing, as predicted, however. Finally, we suggest that genetic or environmental factors may mitigate the risk for behavioral dysregulation illustrated in the patterns of behavioral activity and emotional reactivity displayed by infants.

scholarly journals Heliotropism and water availability effects on flowering dynamics and seed production in Macroptilium lathyroides

2006 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Martins dos Santos ◽  
Luis Mauro Gonçalves Rosa ◽  
Lucia Brandão Franke ◽  
Carlos Nabinger
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Leaf Movements ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Macroptilium Lathyroides ◽  
Response To Water

The experiment was carried out in pots in a glasshouse, with one plant per pot and nine repetitions per treatment. The treatments consisted of free or restricted leaves, submited to 90-100% or 60-70% soil field capacity (FC). Only independent effects of water availability or leaf movement were observed on yield components. Plants under well-watered conditions and with freely orienting leaves were taller, and had a larger number of ramifications. The greater development favored the setting of a higher number of inflorescences per plant in these treatments. This behavior resulted in a high number of flowers, green and mature legumes per plant, thus resulting in high seed production which was the most evident response to water availability. Although individual seed weight was higher in the water stress treatment, total seed production was higher for well-watered plants, with no statistically significant effect of leaf movements.

Freshness assessment of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) by machine vision based on gill and eye color changes

2013 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Dowlati ◽  
Seyed Saeid Mohtasebi ◽  
Mahmoud Omid ◽  
Seyed Hadi Razavi ◽  
Mansour Jamzad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Vision ◽  
Sparus Aurata ◽  
Gilthead Sea Bream ◽  
Sea Bream ◽  
Eye Color ◽  
Color Changes

scholarly journals Nitrogen Fertilizer Management Practices to Enhance Seed Production by `Anaheim Chili' Peppers

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.O. Payero ◽  
M.S. Bhangoo ◽  
J.J. Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Total Seed

The effects of six applied N treatments differing by rates and frequencies of application on the yield and quality of pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum L. `Anaheim Chili') grown for seed was studied. The timing of N applications was based on crop phenology, leaf petiole nitrate-nitrogen concentrations (NO3-N) minimum thresholds, and scheduled calendar applications of fixed amounts of N. Solubilized NH4NO3 was applied through a trickle-irrigation system to ensure uniform and timely applications of N. Rate of mature (green and red) fruit production was unaffected by any treatment except weekly applications of 28 kg·ha-1 of N, which stopped production of mature fruit before all other treatments. Early season floral bud and flower production increased with increasing amounts of N. The two highest total N treatments produced more floral buds and flowers late in the season than the other treatments. Total fruit production was maximized at 240 kg N/ha. Differences in total fruit production due to frequency of N application resulted at the highest total N level. Red fruit production tended to be maximized with total seasonal applied N levels of 240 kg·ha-1 and below, although weekly applications of N reduced production. Total seed yield was a function of red fruit production. Pure-1ive seed (PLS) production was a function of total seed production. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for red fruit production also decreased with N rates >240 kg·ha-1, but PLS yield and NUE decreased in a near-linear fashion as the amount of total seasonal applied N increased, regardless of application frequency. Season average NO3-N (AVE NO3-N) values >4500 mg·kg-1 had total seed and PLS yields less than those treatments <4000 mg·kg-1. Six-day germination percentage was reduced with weekly N applications of 14 kg·ha-1. Seed mass was reduced with weekly N applications of 28 kg·ha-1. Final germination percent, seedling root length and weight, and field emergence were unaffected by any of the N treatments. These findings indicate that different N management strategies are needed to maximize seed yield compared to fruit yield and, therefore, there may be an advantage to growing `Anaheim Chili' pepper specifically for seed.

scholarly journals Stress Response and Perinatal Reprogramming: Unraveling (Mal)adaptive Strategies

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Musazzi ◽  
Jordan Marrocco
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Brain Morphology ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Behavioral Stress ◽  
Corticosteroid Hormones ◽  
Excitatory Neurotransmission ◽  
Early Life Events

Environmental stressors induce coping strategies in the majority of individuals. The stress response, involving the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and the consequent release of corticosteroid hormones, is indeed aimed at promoting metabolic, functional, and behavioral adaptations. However, behavioral stress is also associated with fast and long-lasting neurochemical, structural, and behavioral changes, leading to long-term remodeling of glutamate transmission, and increased susceptibility to neuropsychiatric disorders. Of note, early-life events, bothin uteroand during the early postnatal life, trigger reprogramming of the stress response, which is often associated with loss of stress resilience and ensuing neurobehavioral (mal)adaptations. Indeed, adverse experiences in early life are known to induce long-term stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders in vulnerable individuals. Here, we discuss recent findings about stress remodeling of excitatory neurotransmission and brain morphology in animal models of behavioral stress. These changes are likely driven by epigenetic factors that lie at the core of the stress-response reprogramming in individuals with a history of perinatal stress. We propose that reprogramming mechanisms may underlie the reorganization of excitatory neurotransmission in the short- and long-term response to stressful stimuli.

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