Types of Wear and Erosion and Their Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-120
Keyword(s):  
Solid Particle ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Solid Particle Erosion ◽  
Impact Wear ◽  
Particle Erosion ◽  
Special Cases

Abstract This chapter covers common types of erosion, including droplet, slurry, cavitation, liquid impingement, gas flow, and solid particle erosion, and major types of wear, including abrasive, adhesive, lubricated, rolling, and impact wear. It also covers special cases such as galling, fretting, scuffing, and spalling and introduces the concepts of tribocorrosion and biotribology.

Parametric Analysis of Erosion in 90 Degree and Long Radius Bends

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peyman Zahedi ◽  
Soroor Karimi ◽  
Marzieh Mahdavi ◽  
Brenton S. McLaury ◽  
Siamack A. Shirazi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Solid Particle ◽  
Particle Tracking ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Pipe Diameter ◽  
Solid Particle Erosion ◽  
Particle Erosion

Solid particle erosion has been recognized as a major concern in the oil and gas production industry. It has been observed that erosion can cause serious and costly damage to equipment and pipelines. Accordingly, different studies have been performed in order to investigate erosion caused by solid particles entrained in the flow. Both experimental and modeling approaches have been used in the past to analyze solid particle erosion under different conditions to be able to mitigate these problems. The goal of this paper is to use a Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) erosion model to predict erosion caused by particles flowing in 90 degree and long radius bends. The fluid flow model is coupled with a Lagrangian particle tracking approach. The CFD-based prediction procedure consists of three main steps: flow modeling, particle tracking and erosion calculation. The Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) is used as the turbulence model for all fluid flow simulations. Solid particles are injected from the inlet of the pipe and tracked throughout the bend. The effect of the number of particles released on the predicted maximum erosion magnitude has been investigated. In order to study the grid independency of the solution, erosion is predicted for 5 different grid spacings to accurately predict the flow and erosion rates. In order to assess the quality of the numerical predictions of the erosion rate, experimental data for single-phase (gas) flow with sand in a 3-inch pipe were used. The effects of particle size, fluid velocity, pipe diameter and radius as well as particle rebound model on erosion pattern and magnitude are also investigated. Comparison of these results with experimental erosion data demonstrates good agreement of the erosion trends. It is found that the location of highest erosion for single-phase (gas) flow at low pressure containing sand is around 45° in the elbow. It has been also observed that the 300 μm particles cause approximately two times higher metal loss compared to the 150 μm particles. This higher erosion magnitude is not only caused by the increase in particle momentum but also by the significant increase in particle sharpness for the 300 μm sand. Moreover, simulation results indicate that the increase in gas superficial velocity leads to an increase in the erosion magnitude. According to the results, erosion ratios were reduced exponentially with the increase in pipe diameter at constant flow conditions and particle properties. Furthermore, two available rebound models in the literature were investigated, and simulations illustrate that both methods are in reasonable agreement with experimental data.

Numerical Simulation of Solid Particle Erosion in a 90 Degree Bend for Gas Flow

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ri Zhang ◽  
Haixiao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Solid Particle ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Solid Particle Erosion ◽  
Particle Erosion

Solid particle erosion in piping systems is a serious concern of integrity management in the oil and gas production, which has been widely predicted by the numerical simulation method. In the present work, every step of the comprehensive procedure is verified when applied to predicting the bend erosion for gas flow, and improvements are made by comparing different computational models. Firstly, five turbulent models are implemented to model the flow field in a 90 degree bend for gas flow and examined by the static pressure and velocity profile measured in experiments. Secondly, the particle velocities calculated by fully coupling and one-way coupling are compared with experimental data. Finally, based on the knowledge of flow modeling and particle tracking, four classic erosion equations are introduced to calculate the penetration rates in a 90 degree bend. By comparing with the experimental data available in the literature, it indicates that the k–ε model is the most accurate and effective turbulent model for gas pipe flow; the fully coupling makes the simulation of particle motion closer to measured data; and the Grant and Tabakoff equation presents better performance than other equations.

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