scholarly journals PRODUÇÃO DE MÓVEIS RÚSTICOS COM MADEIRA RESIDUAL DA FLORESTA AMAZÔNICA

Nativa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 508-517
Author(s):  
Germano Slominski Burakouski ◽  
Everton Hillig ◽  
Fabiane Salles Ferro ◽  
Gabriel De Magalhães Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Grain Orientation ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Forest Residues ◽  
Design Alternatives ◽  
Wood Residues ◽  
Wood Grain ◽  
Coffee Table ◽  
Excellent Source

A exploração madeireira e as conversões de áreas de florestas para uso alternativo do solo na região Amazônica, em especial no estado do Amapá, resultam em grandes quantidades de madeira residual que em geral são abandonadas em campo. Essa problemática da geração de resíduos florestais e principalmente do desperdício e da falta de alternativas para o seu uso apropriado, resultou nesta proposta de pesquisa que teve como objetivo a produção de móveis rústicos artesanais como uma alternativa para o uso da madeira residual da floresta Amazônica. Foram coletados resíduos de madeira deixados no campo após a colheita de floresta Amazônica manejada, destinando-os à fabricação de mobiliário rústico, obtendo como resultado final os seguintes protótipos: banco peça de tora única, balcão para barzinho, aparador de madeira, pia de madeira, mesinha de centro com tampo de madeira, mesinha de centro com tampo de vidro. Foi testada a viabilidade técnica para fabricação artesanal das peças de mobiliário utilizando máquinas e ferramentas portáteis. Os resíduos de madeira se mostraram excelente fonte de matéria-prima para movelaria rústica possibilitando múltiplas alternativas de designs, apesar de certas dificuldades terem sido evidenciadas no decorrer do processo como: peso, dureza, orientação da grã da madeira, entre outras que, no entanto, não impossibilitaram a produção dos móveis. O uso da madeira residual para fabricação de móveis rústicos pode se constituir num novo e empreendedor negócio para a região Amazônica, contribuindo para a geração de renda local. Verificou-se que o método empregado proporcionou a produção de móveis originais, o que agrega valor à sua comercialização. Palavras-chave: trabalho artesanal; empreendedorismo; projeto.   Rustic furniture production with wood residues from the Amazon forest   ABSTRACT: Harvesting and conversions of forest areas to alternative land use in the Amazon region, especially in the Amapá state, result in large amounts of wood residues that are generally abandoned. This problem about the forest residues and mainly of its loss and the lack of alternatives for its proper use, resulted in this research proposal that aimed to produce handcrafted rustic furniture as an alternative to the use of wood residues from the Amazon forest. Wood residues left in the field after harvesting the managed Amazon forest were collected and destined for the manufacture of rustic furniture, obtaining the following prototypes as a final result:  log bench, bar counter, wood dresser, wood sink, coffee table with wood top, coffee table with glass top. The technical feasibility of handcrafting furniture pieces using portable machines and tools were tested. Wood residues proved to be an excellent source of raw material for rustic furniture, enabling multiple design alternatives, although certain difficulties were evidenced during the process such as: weight, hardness, wood grain orientation, among others that did not prevent the furniture production. The use of wood residues to rustic furniture manufacture can constitute a new and entrepreneurial business for the Amazon region, contributing to the generation of local income. It was found that the method used provided the production of original furniture, which adds value to its marketing. Keywords: artisan work; entrepreneurship; design.

Verification and further study on method of measuring contact force between mortise and tenon joint

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 263-276
Author(s):  
Wei-Lian Fu ◽  
Hui-Yuan Guan ◽  
Xin-Yi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Contact Force ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Grain Orientation ◽  
Measuring Method ◽  
Load Resistance ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Fagus Orientalis Lipsky ◽  
Wood Grain ◽  
Mortise And Tenon

This work verified the direct measuring method of the contact force and its relaxation behavior between mortise and tenon joints through withdrawal load resistance testing of T-shaped mortise-and-tenon joint specimens. Further, it also studied the influence of wood species, beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and Mongolian Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica), interference fitness (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 mm; 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mm), and wood grain orientation (radial, diagonal, and tangential) on the contact force and its relaxation. The results showed that the direct measuring method had good feasibility for measuring the contact force and its relaxation of the beech and it showed good feasibility on measuring initial contact force of pine. However, it showed low feasibility for measuring the relaxed contact force when the interference was 0.2 mm, but showed good feasibility on measuring the relaxed contact force with larger interference of pine. Interference fitness, wood grain orientation, and wood species had a significant effect on initial contact force and contact force after 5 h relaxation. This study showed feasibility and application scope of the method for direct measuring contact force and provided additional fundamental data to contribute to further study of the internal mechanical mechanism of mortise and tenon joints.

scholarly journals NEW PARAMETERS FOR THE FOREST BIOMASS WASTE ECOFIREWOOD MANUFACTURING PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (32) ◽  
pp. 560-571
Author(s):  
Ana Cristina RUOSO ◽  
Lisiane Corrêa BITENCOURT ◽  
Lucas Urach SUDATI ◽  
Marcos Antônio KLUNK ◽  
Nattan Roberto CAETANO
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Forest Residues ◽  
Biomass Waste

Biomass has a large share in the energy generation matrix, due to the regional economic benefits. This work has as main objective to evaluate the parameters used in the manufacture of briquettes produced with forest residues and the economic engineering for the manufacturer. The forest residues were: wood chips and chips of Eucalyptus spp. and barks of Pinus taeda. The evaluations were the chemical characterization of forest residues and the costs involved in the briquetting process. The forest residues presented extractive chemical composition and lignin. The production costs of the briquettes were affected mainly by the equipment, being the Pinus taeda barks the one that presented higher production cost. However, the production costs obtained in this study are approximately 20% lower than the production costs using traditional methods for forest firewood. The energy value from biomass allows the reduction of the dependence of energy, which can be used for the generation of steam or electricity, for subsistence. A fact for energy conversion is to evaluate the material moisture. It is suitable to burn residues with moisture between 45 to 55%. The consumed electric energy is important to evaluate the total costs. The energy required depends on the quality of raw material and the system employed. Forest residues is an important source for eco firewood production, contributing to energy generation and decreasing of the solid waste stored at the company. In this way, the new parameters for briquetting biomass forest wastes shown in this work, which is an important stage of the process, make economically viable and environmentally suitable the eco firewood production.

scholarly journals Temporal distribution of fruit-feeding butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) in the eastern extreme of the Amazon region

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-23
Author(s):  
Elias da Costa ARAUJO ◽  
Lucas Pereira MARTINS ◽  
Marcelo DUARTE ◽  
Gisele Garcia AZEVEDO
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance

ABSTRACT Rainfall is one of the most influential factors driving insect seasonality in the Amazon region. However, few studies have analyzed the temporal dynamics of fruit-feeding butterflies in the Brazilian Amazon, specially in its eastern portion. Here, we evaluated the diversity patterns and temporal distribution of fruit-feeding butterflies in a remnant of eastern Amazon forest in the Baixada Maranhense, northeastern Brazil. Specifically, we tested whether fruit-feeding butterflies are temporally structured and whether rainfall influences species richness and abundance. Butterflies were collected with baited traps in both the rainy and dry seasons for two consecutive years. In total, we captured 493 butterflies belonging to 28 species, 15 genera and eight tribes. Three species comprised about half of the overall abundance, and Satyrinae was the most representative subfamily. The fruit-feeding butterfly assemblage showed a strong temporal structure during the second year of sampling, but not during the first year. Species composition and richness did not differ between rainy and dry seasons, and neither abundance nor richness was influenced by rainfall. Our results indicate that seasonality is not a strong environmental filter in this region, and that other biotic and abiotic factors are probably driving the community structure. The predominance of palms in the Baixada Maranhense, which are used as host plants by larvae of several lepidopteran species (specially satyrines) and are available year-round, might have contributed to the observed patterns of temporal diversity.

The Alternative Uses of Fish

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 2170-2171
Author(s):  
G. H. O. Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Consumer Preference ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Fish Protein ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Fish Products ◽  
Excellent Source ◽  
Very High

Due to the increasing world deficit in protein supplies, there is an urgent need to make the best use of every possible protein source. Fish is widely recognized as an excellent source of protein of a very high quality. At present more than one third of the world fish production is converted to fish meal and fed to pigs and poultry. As the total world catch has increased so has the percentage converted to fish meal tended to increase. There are many other ways of utilizing fishery resources directly for human consumption and this paper indicates possible means of achieving this. After considering the supply of fish and its utilization, the chief requirements for the establishment of a fishery are identified. Such factors as the type of raw material available, the structure of the catching industry on one hand, and the system of distribution and sale on the other, the availability of processing equipment and skill, etc., are all considered for various situations.The problem of the acceptability of new fish products in developing areas cannot be overemphasized. Consumer preference studies are required to identify more closely the types of products which are likely to be accepted. The choice of products is reviewed systematically considering traditional methods of processing as well as special methods including certain experimental ones, e.g. irradiation, freeze-drying, and the manufacture of fish protein concentrate.It is concluded that so far as modern products need to be developed, greater success will probably be forthcoming for those based on the traditional methods of preservation used in the area in question. It is felt there is scope for the application of modern food technology in this area.

Assessment of the Availability of Forest Biomass for Biofuels Production in Southwestern Portugal

2017 ◽  
Vol 371 ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Malico ◽  
A.C. Gonçalves ◽  
A. Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Management Unit ◽  
Maritime Pine ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Forest Residues ◽  
Residual Biomass

In 2014, Portugal was the seventh largest pellets producer in the World. Since the shortage of raw material is one of the major obstacles that the Portuguese pellets market faces, the need for a good assessment of biomass availability for energy purposes at both country and regional levels is reinforced. This work uses a Geographical Information System environment and remote sensing data to assess the availability and sustainability of forest biomass residues in a management unit with around 940 ha of maritime pine forest. The period considered goes from 2004 to 2015. The study area is located in Southwestern Portugal, close to a pellets factory; therefore the potential contribution of the residual biomass generated in the management unit to the production of pellets is evaluated. An allometric function is used for the estimation of maritime pine above ground biomass. With this estimate, and considering several forest operations, the residual biomass available was assessed, according to stand composition and structure. This study shows that, when maritime pine forests are managed to produce wood, the amount of residues available for energy production is small (an average of 0.37 t ha-1 year-1 were generated in the study area between 2004 and 2015). As a contribution to the sustainability of the Portuguese pellets industries, new management models for maritime pine forests may be developed. The effect of the pinewood nematode on the availability of residual biomass can be clearly seen in this study. In the management unit considered, cuts were made to prevent dissemination of the disease. This contributes to a higher availability of forest residues in a specific period of time, but, in the medium term, they lead to a decrease in the amount of residues that can be used for energy purposes.

Influence of grain direction in vibrational wood welding

Holzforschung ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Properzi ◽  
Jean-Michel Leban ◽  
Antonio Pizzi ◽  
Stephanie Wieland ◽  
Frederic Pichelin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Grain Orientation ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Fibre Orientation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Lower Strength ◽  
Wood Grain ◽  
Strength Result ◽  
Fibre Matrix

Abstract Wood grain orientation differences in the two surfaces to be bonded yield bondlines of different strength in no-adhesives wood welding. Longitudinal wood grain bonding of tangential and radial wood sections yields an approximately 10% difference in strength results of the joint. Cross-grain (±90°) bonding yields instead a much lower strength result, roughly half that observed for pieces bonded with the grain parallel to each other. These differences can be explained by the very marked effect that homogeneity of fibre orientation is known to have on fibre–matrix composites. Oak yields lower results than beech and maple and is more sensitive to welding conditions. Differences in both anatomical and wood constituent composition can account for this difference in performance. Contrary to the other wood species, oak always presents joint bondlines where little or no increase in density at the interface is noticed. This explains its somewhat lower strength results. This is based on the different mode of bonding predominant in this species, while the other species present two different modes of bonding. Thus, two types of bondlines are observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM): (i) bondlines where entangled fibre–matrix composites are formed at the interface and (ii) bondlines in which direct welding of the cell walls occurs, just by fused intercellular material or cell surface material. In this latter case the cells remain flat, without an entangled fibre–matrix composite being formed. This is the almost exclusively predominant case for oak. Both cases and even hybrid cases between the two have also been observed in beech.

scholarly journals Production Costs and Markets for Pellet Chips: Case Studies in Northern Sweden

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Eriksson ◽  
Dimitris Athanassiadis ◽  
Dan Bergström ◽  
Tomas Nordfjell ◽  
Urban Bergsten
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Northern Sweden ◽  
Forest Residues ◽  
Logging Residues ◽  
Small Diameter Trees

Increasing use of woody fuels requires that nontraditional types of raw materials are exploited, including logging residues and small-diameter trees. Although medium-scale combustors often use pellets, they could conceivably use dried chips of sufficiently narrow size distribution (henceforth pellet chips). The influence of the following factors on the relative cost-effectiveness of producing pellets and pellet chips was investigated for three plant sites in northern Sweden: (1) harvesting and transporting of forest residues; (2) the potential of existing energy plants to supply drying heat in periods of capacity surplus; (3) the distance to potential end-users. Data from the national forest inventory were used to estimate raw material costs. The resulting production costs were 144–176 $ per oven-dry tonnes (OD t) for pellets (27.4–33.5 $ MWh−1) and 143–173 $ OD t−1(27.2–33.0 $ MWh−1) for pellet chips, with harvesting, forwarding, chipping, and transporting of logging residues to the sites amounting to 114–122 $ OD t−1(21.7–23.2 $ MWh−1) for both fuels. Even though the differences in production costs were minor, the production of pellet chips requires significantly less electricity input per OD t of produced fuel. For cost reductions improved methods for wood fuel procurement, compacting and transporting of chips, small-scale low-temperature drying and foliage and bark separation are needed.

scholarly journals Carbon emissions from deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon region predicted from satellite data and ecosystem modeling

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 3031-3061 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Potter ◽  
S. Klooster ◽  
V. Genovese
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Brazilian Amazon Region ◽  
Forested Areas

Abstract. A simulation model based on satellite observations of monthly vegetation cover from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) was used to estimate monthly carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems of Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado regions over the period 2000–2002. The NASA-CASA (Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach) model estimates of annual forest production were used as the basis to generate a prediction for the standing pool of carbon in above-ground biomass (AGB; g C m−2) for forested areas of the Brazilian Amazon region. Plot-level measurements of the residence time of carbon in wood in Amazon forest from Malhi et al. (2006) were interpolated by inverse distance weighting algorithms and used with CASA to generate a new regional map of AGB. Data from the Brazilian PRODES (Estimativa do Desflorestamento da Amazônia) project were used to map deforested areas. Results show that net primary production (NPP) sinks for carbon are highest across the eastern and northern Amazon areas, whereas deforestation sources of CO2 flux from decomposition of residual woody debris are more rapid and less seasonal in the central Amazon than in the eastern and southern areas. Increased woody debris from past deforestation events was predicted to alter the net ecosystem carbon balance of the Amazon region to generate annual CO2 source fluxes at least two times higher than previously predicted by CASA modeling studies. Variations in climate, land cover, and forest burning were predicted to release carbon at rates of 0.5 to 1 Pg C yr−1 from the Brazilian Amazon. When direct carbon emissions from forest burning of between 0.2 and 0.6−1 in the Legal Amazon are overlooked in regional budgets, the year-to-year variations in this net biome flux may appear to be large, whereas our model results implies net biome fluxes had actually been relatively consistent from year to year during the period 2000–2002.

scholarly journals Saracura-Mirá, a Proposed Brazilian Amazonian Adaptogen from Ampelozizyphus amazonicus

Plants ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Suzana Guimarães Leitão ◽  
Gilda Guimarães Leitão ◽  
Danilo Ribeiro de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Medical Systems ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
Market Status ◽  
Laboratory Experiences

The Amazon Forest is known all over the world for its diversity and exuberance, and for sheltering several indigenous groups and other traditional communities. There, as well as in several other countries, in traditional medical systems, weakness, fatigue and debility are seen as limiting health conditions where medicinal plants are often used in a non-specific way to improve body functions. This review brings together literature data on Ampelozizyphus amazonicus, commonly known in Brazil as “saracura-mirá” and/or “cerveja de índio”, as an Amazonian adaptogen, including some contributions from the authors based on their ethnographic and laboratory experiences. Topics such as botany, chemistry, ethnopharmacological and pharmacological aspects that support the adaptogen character of this plant, as well as cultivation, market status and supply chain aspects are discussed, and the gaps to establish “saracura-mirá” as an ingredient for the pharmaceutical purposes identified. The revised data presented good scientific evidence supporting the use of this Amazonian plant as a new adaptogen. Literature data also reveal that a detailed survey on natural populations of this plant is needed, as well as agronomical studies that could furnish A. amazonicus bark as a raw material. Another important issue is the lack of developed quality control methods to assure its quality assessment.

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