scholarly journals مكانة المرأة وإسهاماتها في الأدب العربي القديم / The position and contribution of women in Classical Arabic Literature

Author(s):  
نصرالدين إبراهيم أحمد (Nasr El-din Ibrahim Ahmed Hussein)

ملخص البحث:   يتناول البحث مسيرة المرأة، ومكانتها ودورها عبر العصور القديمة، بدءاً من العصر الجاهلي، ومروراً بالعصر الإسلامي والأموي، وانتهاء بالعصر العباسي؛ حيث أدّت المرأة دوراً مرموقاً ومشهوداً لها منذ فجر بزوغ تاريخ الأمة العربيّة، وهذا الدور سطّرته صفحات التاريخ البيضاء شعراً ونثراً؛ فالمرأة وقفت جنباً إلى جنب الرجل مشاركة إياه بكل فعالية في بناء الحضارة العربيّة العريقة، وقد شهد لها الكثير من الباحثين والمؤلفين والكتّاب بتفوقها في هذا المجال الحيوي، ويكون من الإجحاف، ونكران الجميل أن نتناساها ونطوي صفحاتها طي السجل. برزت المرأة  في العصر الجاهلي في أشعار الشعراء؛ حيث وُضعت في مكانة لائقة بها، وكان دورها واضحاً في الجانب الاجتماعي في إصلاح المجتمع، وأدّت دوراً بارزاً بوصفها أديبة وشاعرة، وناقدة، و"الخنساء" مثالاً، كذلك "أم جندب" وحكومتها بين زوجها امرئ القيس وعلقمة الفحل، وأخريات كان لهن شأن عظيم. وإذا انتقلنا إلى العصر الإسلامي، سنجد أن الإسلام مهّد للمرأة بأن تتبوأ مكانة عالية ورفيعة، وكانت زوجات الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم، والصحابيات خير مثال للاستشهاد بهن، وبدورهن في إصلاح المجتمع والذود عن الدولة الإسلاميّة في ذلك الوقت. وجاء العصر الأموي ولقيت المرأة مكانة مرموقة، انعكست فيها نشاطاتها الأدبيّة والفنّية؛ أما العصر العباسي أو ما يسمى بالعصر الذهبي، فقد كان عصر الانفتاح الثقافي للمرأة؛ حيث شاركت المرأة في جوانب شتى ومتعددة في خدمة الأدب والمجتمع، والحضارة العباسيّة العريقة. إن مكانة المرأة في تلك المجتمعات، وفي تلك العصور القديمة من تاريخ الأدب العربي كانت مشرّفة ومنيرة وبهية، وجديرة أن تعاد صياغتها بشكل يليق بها وبمكانتها لتحتل مكانة الصدارة في تاريخ الأمة العربيّة. الكلمات المفتاحية: الدور المعرفي- الشعر- الخطابة- الوصايا- النقد. Abstract: The study highlights the role of women in different eras beginning from the pre-Islamic period until the golden age of the Abbasids. It is observed that women did play a significant role since the early Arab history. It is a well-documented achievement both in poems and prose. They were active beside men in crafting the direction of the Arab civilization. Evidence was abundant as found in the works of many scholars and researchers. Any attempt to brush aside their efforts would not do justice to these achievements. In the pre-Islamic period there were al-Khansa’ and Ummu Jundub who was famous of her judgment between her husband Umru al-Qais and the famous ‘Alqamah. Others beside them were also contributing significantly. In the Islamic period, the religion had paved the way for them to contribute greatly. The wives of the Prophet Pbuh and his companions were examples to the reforming roles that they played in the society and the Islamic Empire. In the Umayyad period, they continued to be active in activities related to literature and arts. As for the Abbasid era, due to the cultural exposure of that period, women continued to contribute to the progress of literature and society. In conclusion, women were evidently active and progressive in the history of Arabic literature. They contribution is worthy of being highlighted and accorded a significant status in the history of the Arabs.   Keywords: The role of knowledge – poems – sermons – critic.   Abstrak: Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menonjolkan peranan wanita pada era-era berlainan mulai dari zaman Jahiliah sehingga zaman keemasan Abbasiah. Sememangnya wanita dapat dilihat memainkan peranan penting sejak permulaan sejrah kesusasteraan Arab. Ia satu pencapaian yang didokumenkan dengan baik untuk kedua-dua genre iaitu sajak dan prosa. Mereka aktif bergandingan dengan lelaki dalam rah tuju tamadun Arab. Buktinya amat banyak seperti yang ditemui dalam kajian-kajian beberapa sarjana dan penyelidik. Sebarang percubaan menidakkan usaha-usaha mereka tidak akan berlaku adil terhadap pencapaian-pencapaian mereka ini. Di zaman  erdapat tokoh-tokoh ulung sepertial-Khansa' dan Ummu Jundub yang terkenal sewaktu memberikan kritik beliau antara syair suaminya Umru al-Qais dan penyair tersohor 'Alqamah. Wanita-wanita lain di samping mereka turut menyumbang secara aktif. Di zaman Islam, kewajaran perjuangan agama telah membuka jalan untuk mereka  engan lebih menonjol. Isteri Nabi SAW dan para sahabat dalam kalangan wanita menyumbang dalam memainkan peranan-peranan membangunkan masyarakat dan juga Empayar Islam. Di zaman Umawiah, mereka meneruskan peranan tersebut dengan aktif dalam kegiatan berkaitan dengan kesusasteraan dan kesenian. Di zaman Abbasiah pula, disebabkan keterbukaan budaya di zaman itu, kaum wanita meneruskan sumbang mereka kepada pembangynan kesusasteraan dan kemasyarakatan. Kesimpulannya, wanita nyata bergerak aktif dan progresif dalam sejarah perkembangan kesusasteraan Arab. Sesungguhnya sumbangan ini wajar mendapat perhatian demi untuk memberikan satu pengiktirafan terhadap peranan yang dimainkan mereka dalam sejarah perkembangan kesusasteraan Arab.  Kata kunci: peranan dalam memajukan kesusasteraan - sajak - ucapan –nasihat - pengkritik.  

Author(s):  
Iroda Tosheva ◽  
◽  
N. Ashurova ◽  
Gulchekhra Ikhtiyarova

This article presents the results of the retrospective study of the childbirth history of 106 pregnant women in whom labor was complicated by premature rupture of the membranes, delivery in the Bukhara regional perinatal center for the period 2017-2019 years. The results show the significant role of premature rupture of the membranes in the development of obstetrics and perinatal complications, especially in women with a history of somatic and gynecological anamnesis


Arabica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 163-206
Author(s):  
Erez Naaman

Abstract Evidence of collaborative composition of poetry goes back to the earliest documented phases in the history of Arabic literature. Already during pre-Islamic times, poets like Imruʾ al-Qays used to challenge others to complete their impromptu verse and create poetry collaboratively with them. This practice—commonly called iǧāza or tamlīṭ and essentially different from the better known poetic dueling of the naqāʾiḍ (flytings)—has shown remarkable stability and adherence to its form and dynamics in the pre-modern Arabophone world. In this article, I will discuss evidence of collaborative poetry from pre-Islamic times to the early seventh/thirteenth century, in order to present a picture of the typical situations in which it was practiced, its functions, its composition process, and formal aspects. Although usually not producing poetic masterpieces, this practice has the merit of revealing much about the processes of composing classical Arabic poetry in general. In this respect, its study and critical assessment are highly important, given the fact that medieval Arabic literary criticism does not always reflect praxis or focus on the actual practicalities of composing poetry. This practice and the contextualized way in which it was preserved allow us to see vividly the inextricable link between poetic form and the conditions in which poetry was created. It likewise sheds light on the intricate ways in which poets resisted, influenced, and manipulated others by poetic means. Based on the obvious fact that collaborative composition is imbued with the spirit of play, I offer at the end of the article criticism of Johan Huizinga’s famous play concept and his (much less famous) views of early Arabic culture and poetry in light of the evidence I studied.


Jurnal CMES ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Muhammad Yunus Anis

This paper describes the brief history of Humour in Arabs from (1) the earlier preIslamic period, (2) the Islamic period, (3) the medieval Arabic Literature (Abbasid), and (4) Mamaluke, Fatimid, Ayyubid, and Ottoman periods. This paper will try to show that<br />Arabic literature is rife with the unique taste of Arabs in humour and comedy. Finally, the result of data analysis shows that humour in the earlier pre-Islamic period and the Islamic period is used dominantly at satirical poem which is called hija‟. But in the medieval period until Ottoman period, Arabic humour and comedy has been spreading to the modern prose, shuch as romantic novel, elegant style of fable, public theater – shadow play and some of elegiac short stories.


2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Levent Ozturk

During the time of the Prophet Muhammad, some women took part in medical services to contribute their society, in Mecca and Medina. We found approximately 50 women contributing to their society in terms of medical services. Their medical contributions were generally traditional practices about the daily necessities of their society. Understanding the service provided by these women to their society at that time is very significant in terms of its contribution to the history of folk medicine. The contribution of these women was mainly in the areas of the nursing and assisting the midwifes, prenatal and postnatal care, some surgical operations, caring were wounded in wars, giving soldiers a meal, medical treatment for some diseases and daily injuring, treatment of animal beats, psychological therapy, practicing dietician care and body care, some folkloric treatments of some pediatric diseases, and sexual education. In this paper, I will ground my work on Islamic sources.


2009 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luc H. Geraets

This paper reviews the Belgian history of nuclear technology and its use for power generation, from the beginning in 1942 until now. It identifies the main players in the field, and the major milestones of this history, both from the power generation side and the nuclear fuel side. It demonstrates the genuine contribution of Belgium to this technology (typical examples are shown), and the significant role of its engineers and scientists.1


Author(s):  
A. Wilson Greene ◽  
Gary W. Gallagher

Grinding, bloody, and ultimately decisive, the Petersburg Campaign was the Civil War's longest and among its most complex. Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee squared off for more than nine months in their struggle for Petersburg, the key to the Confederate capital at Richmond. Featuring some of the war's most notorious battles, the campaign played out against a backdrop of political drama and crucial fighting elsewhere, with massive costs for soldiers and civilians alike. After failing to bull his way into Petersburg, Grant concentrated on isolating the city from its communications with the rest of the surviving Confederacy, stretching Lee's defenses to the breaking point. When Lee's desperate breakout attempt failed in March 1865, Grant launched his final offensives that forced the Confederates to abandon the city on April 2, 1865. A week later, Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House. Here A. Wilson Greene opens his sweeping new three-volume history of the Petersburg Campaign, taking readers from Grant's crossing of the James in mid-June 1864 to the fateful Battle of the Crater on July 30. Full of fresh insights drawn from military, political, and social history, A Campaign of Giants is destined to be the definitive account of the campaign. With new perspectives on operational and tactical choices by commanders, the experiences of common soldiers and civilians, and the significant role of the United States Colored Troops in the fighting, this book offers essential reading for all those interested in the history of the Civil War.


1968 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. O. Olusanya

The general assumption often made by writers that the ex-soldiers played a significant role in the politics of Nigeria breaks down when subjected to critical analysis.1 It is true that these men were potentially excellent material, who could have been effectively utilised in the struggle against colonial rule because of their training, their newly-acquired confidence, and their experience of the outside world. However, certain factors rendered their role as a group insignificant in the history of the nationalist movement in the country.


2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-84
Author(s):  
Chrisoula Lionis

In the last decade, the international profile of Palestinian art has grown at an unprecedented rate. In the context of international exhibitions, the work of contemporary Palestinian artists is consistently framed as inherently political and is almost always discussed in terms of the conflict with Israel. This article examines the ways that a new generation of Palestinian artists have used their work to problematize the iconography of Palestinian nationalism developed by previous generations and the international framing of their work as inherently political. It considers the role of art in the development and dissemination of Palestinian nationalist iconography and maps the history of popular iconography to show the Nakba, the battle of Karameh and the Oslo Accords as events that each transformed Palestinian popular iconography. Examining the work of artists Khaled Hourani, Emily Jacir, Larissa Sansour and Monther Jawabreh, in this article I argue that contemporary art plays a significant role in subverting the trend of reducing the Palestinian experience to one of victimhood and loss.


1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Ostle

The rise of political consciousness in the Arab Provinces of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century has long been referred to as an era of rebirth or resurrection (nahḍa), and from its earliest stages this period saw a dual process of aspirations to political emancipation and creative waves of cultural regeneration. Thus George Antonius was moved to attribute the beginnings of the Arab national movement to the foundation of a modest literary society in Beirut in 1847; the two figures who dominated the intellectual life of Syria in the mid nineteenth century—Nāṣīf al-Yāzijī and Buṭrus al-Bustānī—were ded icated to the resurrection of the lost world of classical Arabic literature, to the virtual re-creation of Arabic as one of the languages of the modern world, and to preaching the virtues of education based on inter-confessional tolerance and patriotic ideals. The most distinguished area of the early history of modern Arabic literature is neo-classical poetry, whose revival of the achievements of the golden age of the ‘Abbāsids provided the foundation on which the first tentative steps towards the renewal of the great tradition were to be based. Indeed the technical excellence of the neo-classical mode was such that it dominated poetry in Egypt at least until the late 1920s, and for even longer in Iraq and the rest of the Levant.


Author(s):  
Ahmad Supriyadi

Abstract: Zakat occupies a significant role in Islamic economics. The role of zakat in the history of Islamic civilization is very real and obvious in eradicating poverty and becoming the foundation of the country's economy. In Indonesia the role of zakat cannot be felt widely. This can be seen from the potential that is still being explored, which is 4% of the existing potential of 217 trillion. One of the main problems that occur in Indonesia is the low competence of amil possessed by zakat management institutions in Indonesia. Amil's low competence makes creativity and innovation in zakat institutions very minimal, as a result the collected zakat funds are not optimally utilized to unravel the threads of poverty in Indonesia. The presence of the Department of Zakat Management and Waqf in Islamic Higher Education in Indonesia is an effort to prepare amil’s who are competent in managing zakat. One of the universities that is currently opening the department is IAIN Tulungagung. This study aims to determine the extent of competence of students majoring in Management of zakat and waqf before they conduct Field Experience Practices (PPL).Abstrak: Zakat menduduki peran yang signifikan dalam ekonomi Islam. Peran zakat dalam sejarah peradaban Islam sangat nyata dan kentara dalam memberantas kemiskinan dan menjadi pondasi ekonomi negara. Di Indonesia peran zakat belum bisa dirasakan manfaatnya secara luas. Hal ini bisa dilihat dari masih jauhnya potensi yang tergali yaitu 4% dari potensi yang ada sebesar 217 triliun. Salah satu problem utama yang terjadi di Indonesia adalah rendahnya kompetensi amil pada lembaga-lembaga pengelola zakat di Indonesia. Rendahnya kompetensi amil membuat kreativitas dan inovasi di lembaga-lembaga zakat sangat minim, akibatnya dana zakat yang terkumpul tidak didayagunakan secara optimal untuk mengurai benang kemiskinan di Indonesia. Hadirnya jurusan Manajemen Zakat dan Wakaf di Perguruan Tinggi Islam di Indonesia adalah upaya untuk mempersiapkan amil-amil yang kompeten dalam mengelola zakat. Salah satu Perguruan Tinggi yang saat ini membuka jurusan tersebut adalah IAIN Tulungagung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana kompetensi mahasiswa jurusan Manajemen zakat dan wakaf sebelum mereka melakukan Praktek Pengalaman Lapangan (PPL). 


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