Tecnologías para luchar contra la pandemia Covid-19: geolocalización, rastreo, big data, SIG, inteligencia artificial y privacidad

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús-Daniel Cascón-Katchadourian
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Systematized Review ◽  
The Right

Many applications and websites to fight the Covid-19 pandemic have been created and developed in recent months by both official institutions and commercial or private initiatives. A large number of projects that use technologies such as geolocation, geopositioning, geofencing, tracking, and registration of contacts through Bluetooth have arisen, generating a huge amount of data. By using big data techniques, geographic information systems (GIS), and artificial intelligence, information has been produced for health institutions and society itself, helping to address the health crisis more efficiently. This article describes, analyzes, and offers a systematized review of a significant sample of websites and applications recently implemented successfully or under development by public and private institutions. We searched the available scholarly literature, as well as news from the main newspapers, websites, and digital media specialized in technology. The article concludes with a description of the best and most efficient practices found, relating then to the right to privacy and personal data protection. Resumen La creación y desarrollo en los últimos meses de aplicaciones y webs para luchar contra la pandemia de la Covid-19, tanto de instituciones oficiales como iniciativas empresariales o particulares, ha sido importante. Han surgido un gran número de proyectos que usan tecnologías como geolocalización, geoposicionamiento, geofencing, rastreo y registro de contactos a través de bluetooth, para generar una ingente cantidad de datos. Mediante técnicas de análisis de datos masivos (big data), sistemas de información geográfica (SIG) e inteligencia artificial se ha producido información para las instituciones sanitarias y para la propia sociedad, ayudando así a afrontar de manera más eficiente la crisis sanitaria. El presente artículo describe, analiza y ofrece la revisión sistematizada de una muestra significativa de webs y aplicaciones implementadas recientemente con éxito o en desarrollo, por parte de instituciones públicas y privadas. Se ha buscado la bibliografía científica disponible, así como las noticias de los principales periódicos, webs y medios digitales especializados en tecnología. El artículo concluye con una descripción de las mejores y más eficientes prácticas encontradas, poniéndolas en relación con el derecho a la privacidad y la protección de los datos personales.

scholarly journals REFORMS IN THE COMMUNICATIONS MONITORING SYSTEM AS A PRECONDITION FOR EFFECTIVE HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1509-1514
Author(s):  
Biljana Karovska-Andonovska ◽  
Zoran Jovanovski
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
Human Rights Protection ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control

The reforms in the communications monitoring system as part of the wider reform of the security services in the Republic of Macedonia, resulted with creation of a package of several laws whose adoption was supposed to provide the legislative basis for a system that would really work in accordance with the goals for which it was established. The communications monitoring system should provide a balanced protection of the right to security, on the one hand, and the right to privacy, on the other. Only on that way a priori primacy of the right to security over the right to privacy will it be disabled. Hence, the reforms in communications monitoring system are a precondition for the effective protection, primarily for the right to privacy and the secrecy of communications, but also for the right to personal data protection, the inviolability of the home as well as for the right to presumption of innocence. It is a complex and delicate matter where opening of a real debate through which the present deficiencies will be perceived in order to create an appropriate legal solutions was very important. However, the new Law on Interception of Communications as the most important in this area, retained a certain part of the provisions that were debatable in the previous legal solutions. The provisions regarding the model for interception of communications, which stipulates the establishment of a separate agency that mediates between the operators and the authorized bodies for interception of communications, were questionable as well. Also, new measures for monitoring communications in the interest of security and defense, as well as the provisions which regulate the disposition and delivery of metadata for security and defense, are also debatable. On the other side, the reform laws made an evident progress in a positive sense through the provisions for oversight and control over the interception of communications. With these changes, certain debatable elements have been overcome, especially those that have hindered it so far, and in some cases completely paralyzed the oversight and control over the monitoring of communications. In this paper we analyzed the debatable elements in the reform package of laws on interception of communications as well as some positive aspects contained in the provisions of the reform laws.

scholarly journals Personas datu aizsardzības mērķis un tiesiskā regulējuma vēsturiskā attīstība

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (13) ◽  
pp. 104-109
Author(s):  
Agnese Reine-Vītiņa
Keyword(s):  
Data Protection ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

Mūsdienās tiesības uz privāto dzīvi nepieciešamas ikvienā demokrātiskā sabiedrībā, un šo tiesību iekļaušana konstitūcijā juridiski garantē fiziskas personas rīcības brīvību un vienlaikus arī citu – valsts pamatlikumā noteikto – cilvēka tiesību īstenošanu [5]. Personas datu aizsardzības institūts tika izveidots, izpratnes par tiesību uz personas privātās dzīves neaizskaramību saturu paplašinot 20. gadsimta 70. gados, kad vairāku Eiropas valstu valdības uzsāka informācijas apstrādes projektus, piemēram, tautas skaitīšanu u. c. Informācijas tehnoloģiju attīstība ļāva arvien vairāk informācijas par personām glabāt un apstrādāt elektroniski. Viena no tiesību problēmām bija informācijas vākšana par fizisku personu un tiesību uz privātās dzīves neaizskaramību ievērošana. Lai nodrošinātu privātās dzīves aizsardzību, atsevišķas Eiropas valstis pēc savas iniciatīvas pieņēma likumus par datu aizsardzību. Pirmie likumi par personas datu aizsardzību Eiropā tika pieņemti Vācijas Federatīvajā Republikā, tad Zviedrijā (1973), Norvēģijā (1978) un citur [8, 10]. Ne visas valstis pieņēma likumus par datu aizsardzību vienlaikus, tāpēc Eiropas Padome nolēma izstrādāt konvenciju, lai unificētu datu aizsardzības noteikumus un principus. Nowadays, the right to privacy is indispensable in every democratic society and inclusion of such rights in the constitution, guarantees legally freedom of action of a natural person and, simultaneously, implementation of other human rights established in the fundamental law of the state. The institute of personal data protection was established by expanding the understanding of the content of the right to privacy in the 70’s of the 19th century, when the government of several European countries initiated information processing projects, such as population census etc. For the development of information technology, more and more information on persons was kept and processed in electronic form. One of the legal problems was gathering of information on natural persons and the right to privacy. In order to ensure the protection of privacy, separate European countries, on their own initiative, established a law on data protection. The first laws on the protection of personal data in Europe were established in the Federal Republic of Germany, then in Sweden (1973), Norway (1978) and elsewhere. Not all countries adopted laws on data protection at the same time, so the Council of Europe decided to elaborate a convention to unify data protection rules and principles.

Personal Data Protection in Digital Libraries

2011 ◽  
pp. 413-429
Author(s):  
Ioannis Iglezakis
Keyword(s):  
Data Protection ◽  
Digital Libraries ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
Privacy Threats ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Library Users ◽  
Personally Identifiable Information ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Right

Digital libraries provide many advantages compared with traditional libraries, such as wide and round the clock availability of resources, lack of physical boundaries, etc. However, the disclosure of personally identifiable information in the course of processing activities may lead to an invasion of privacy of library users, without their being aware of it. In fact, privacy threats are increased in the digital environment, in which digital libraries operate. The right to privacy in the library is “the right to open inquiry without having the subject of one’s interest examined or scrutinized by others” (ALA, 2005). Users of digital libraries have similar privacy expectations when making use of their services. The issues concerning the privacy of digital libraries’ patrons are thus addressed in comparative perspective, in this chapter. In more particular, the legal regulations with regard to data protection in digital libraries in the EU and the US are presented. The comparative analysis of the two legal orders shows differences and similarities, but also highlights loopholes of protection.

scholarly journals Uchybienie przepisom o ochronie danych osobowych jako naruszenie dobra osobistego – analiza na przykładzie orzecznictwa Sądu Najwyższego

2019 ◽  
pp. 245-259
Author(s):  
Bernard Łukanko
Keyword(s):  
Data Protection ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
Professional Literature ◽  
General Data Protection Regulation ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
General Data ◽  
The Right ◽  
Personal Interests

The study is concerned with the issue of mutual relationship between the failure to comply with the laws on personal data protection and regulations relating to the protection of personal interests, including in particular the right to privacy. The article presents the views held by the Supreme Court with respect to the possibility of considering acts infringing upon the provisions of the Personal Data Protection Act of 1997 (after 24 May 2018) and of the General Data Protection Regulation (after 25 May 2018) as violation of personal interests, such as the right to privacy. The author shared the view of the case law stating that, if in specifc circumstances the processing of personal data violates the right to privacy, the party concerned may seek remedy on the grounds of Articles 23 and 24 of the Polish Civil Code. This position isalso relevant after the entry into force of the GDPR which, in a comprehensive and exhaustive manner, directly applicable in all Member States, regulates the issue of liability under civil law for infringements of the provisions of the Regulation, however, according to the position expressed in professional literature, it does not exclude the concurrence of claims and violation of the provisions on the protection of personal interests caused by a specifc event. In case of improper processing of personal data, the remedies available under domestic law on the protection of personal interests may be of particular importance outside the subject matter scope of the GDPR applicability. 

scholarly journals Big Data and "New Surveillance": Is International Regulation Feasible?

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leanne Winkels
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Big Data ◽  
International System ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
International Regulation ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Right

The collection and analysis of individuals data by governments and organizations is an area that lacks overarching protection at the international level, there is potential for an international system monitoring the use of Big Data and providing protections against violations of the right to privacy among other human rights laws. This paper outlines the policy background, then analyzes the use of Big Data through case studies of collection of data on LBTQ+ in Russia, and Uyghur Muslims in China’s Xinjiang province. After establishing the potential for abuses and violations of human rights and the right to privacy through unfettered access to personal data, this paper then considers proposed models to assess and protect human rights in this area, and looks at the potential for the development of an international monitoring system. To take steps towards developing an international legal framework of data protection I argue that the use of international norms to create monitoring bodies, and treaty law between nation-states and also international organizations can be utilized to develop such a framework. 

scholarly journals “Tiesības tikt aizmirstam” kā tiesības uz privātumu un to tiesiskais regulējums

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 66-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Sitņikova
Keyword(s):  
Personal Data ◽  
Sensitive Data ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Right To Be Forgotten ◽  
European Court ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Eu

“Tiesības tikt aizmirstam” ir samērā jauns tiesību institūts, kura aktualizēšanas priekšnosacījums ir tehnoloģiju attīstība un globalizācija, kas šobrīd ļauj padarīt informāciju, tostarp arī personas datus un sensitīvus datus, publiski pieejamu visā pasaulē. Iepriekš minētais rada nepieciešamību veicināt personas datu aizsardzību. “Tiesības tikt aizmirstam” īpaši tika aktualizētas saistībā ar Eiropas Savienības tiesas lēmumu lietā C-131/12 Google Spain SL, Google Inc. pret Agencia de Protección de Datos, Mario Costeja González (t. s. Google v Spain lieta). Arī Eiropas Cilvēktiesību tiesa saskaras ar jaunām koncepcijām, no kurām viena ir “tiesības tikt aizmirstam”. Veicot pētījumu, tika iegūtas šādas atziņas: “tiesības tikt aizmirstam” var tikt iekļautas zem privātuma tiesībām, un šīs tiesības izriet no spēkā esošiem gan Eiropas Savienības tiesību aktiem, gan Latvijas Republikas normatīvajiem aktiem. The “right to be forgotten” is a relatively new legal institution and the prerequisites for it are rapid technological developments and globalisation, which now allow to make information, including personal data and sensitive data, publicly available worldwide. The above mentioned requires the enhancement of the personal data protection. The “right to be forgotten” had been brought up to date particularly in relation to the EU Court of Justice’s decision in case C-131/12 Google Spain SL and Google Inc. v Agencia Española de Protección de Datos (AEPD) and Mario Costeja González. The European Court of Human Rights is facing new concepts such as that of the “right to be forgotten”. The following conclusions are made when conducting the research: the “right to be forgotten” is the element of the right to privacy, and it can be derived from the existing EU law and Latvian regulation.

scholarly journals Protection of privacy in the period of Covid-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-75
Author(s):  
Denitza Toptchiyska
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Electronic Communications ◽  
General Data Protection Regulation ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Legislative Amendments ◽  
Legislative Changes ◽  
The Right

During the pandemic of COVID-19 in April 2020 the Ministry of Health in Bulgaria began the administration of the Virusafe contact tracking application. With the Law on Emergency Measures and Actions, declared by a decision of the National Assembly of 13th March 2020 amendments to the Electronic Communications Act were adopted. The purpose of the legislative amendments was to provide access of the competent authorities to the localization data from the public electronic communication networks of the individuals, who have refused or do not fulfill the obligatory isolation or treatment under art. 61 of the Health Act. This publication aims to analyze the main features of mobile applications for tracking the contacts of infected persons, as well as the adopted legislative changes, comparing them with the standards of personal data protection provided in the EU General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679 and Directive 2002/58/EC on the right to privacy and electronic communications.

DIGITAL RIGHTS — NEW GENERATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS?

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 141-167
Author(s):  
NATALIA V. VARLAMOVA
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
Digital Rights ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Right To Be Forgotten ◽  
The Right

Among the digital rights, besides the right for internet access that was the subject of consideration in the first part of the article, there are also a right to per-so nal data protection and a right to be forgotten (right to erasure).The right to personal data protection is usually enshrined at the supranational and national levels and is protected by the courts as an aspect of the right to privacy. As an independent fundamental right of a constitutional nature the right to personal data protection is enshrined in EU law. Nevertheless, all attempts to doctrinally justify the existence of certain aspects of this right, beyond the claims to the right to privacy, can not be considered successful. The Court of Justice of the EU, while dealing with the relevant cases in order to determine whether certain methods of processing personal data are legitimate, also refers to the right to privacy, considering these rights to be closely interrelated. The right to personal data protection provides additional (including procedural) guarantees of respect for privacy, human dignity and some other rights, but the purpose of these guarantees is precisely the content of the providing rights. The right to be forgotten (right to erasure) is one of the positive obligations with regard to the personal data protection. This right implies correction, deletion or termination of the processing of personal data at the request of their subject in the presence of a reason for this (when the relevant actions are carried out in violation of the principles of data processing or provisions of the legislation). Analogs of this right are the Latin American orders of habeas data, as well as the right of a person to demand the refutation of information discrediting his honor, dignity and business reputation, in case of their inconsistency with reality under civil law and the legislation on mass media. In digital age the importance of this right is increased by the fact that information posted on the Internet remains easily accessible for an indefinite, almost unlimited, time.This caused the extension of the right to be forgotten to information that is consistent to reality, but has lost its relevance and significance, however, continues to have an adverse impact on the reputation of the person concerned. At the same time, the realization of the right to be forgotten in respect of information posted online is connected with a number of technical problems that require legal solutions.In general, digitalization does not create new human rights of a fundamentally different legal nature. It only actualizes or smooths certain aspects of long-recognized rights, transfers their operation into the virtual space, creates new opportunities for their realization and generates new threats to them. Ensuring human rights in modern conditions involves the search for adequate legal solutions, taking into account the opportunities and limitations generated by digital technologies.

scholarly journals Convention 108: Present importance and implementation

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-110
Author(s):  
Arben Murtezić
Keyword(s):  
Data Protection ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
General Data Protection Regulation ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
European Court ◽  
General Data ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the significance of the Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data (Convention 108) in the overall system of personal data protection, especially from the perspective of non-EU countries that are members of the Council of Europe. This is attempted primarily through the evaluation of correlation between the Convention 108 and ECHR and GDPR in its segment that regulates relationship between the EU and third countries. The interest for the issue of personal data protection has been increasing among legal and ICT professionals, academics, government officials and even a general public over the years. This has been particularly intensified by adopting General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). However, the adoption of the GDPR did not diminish importance of the Convention 108. On the contrary, it seems that the 'adequacy' principle regarding the third countries proclaimed by the GDPR, stresses its importance. The paper begins with the brief overview of the Convention 108 principles and the modernization that is brought by Protocol of 2018, which coincides with the entry into force of much-mentioned GDPR. It continues with analysis of the relationship between the GDPR and Convention 108, with focus on elements decisively influencing the assessment of the adequacy of the level of protection. Even though there is no sign of equivalence between the right to privacy and personal data protection these matters inevitably intersect in practice. Therefore, the final section of the text summarizes the cases of the European Court of Human Rights invoking Convention 108, with the aim to demonstrate how it is interpreted by the highest judicial instance in Europe.

scholarly journals The Right to Privacy and Data Protection in the Information Age

2020 ◽  
pp. 1576-1589
Author(s):  
Tigran D. Oganesian
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Private Life ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
Personal Data Protection ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
User Data ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mass Surveillance

The article considers the legality of mass surveillance and protection of personal data in the context of the international human rights law and the right to respect for private life. Special attention is paid to the protection of data on the Internet, where the personal data of billions of people are stored. The author emphasizes that mass surveillance and technology that allows the storage and processing of the data of millions of people pose a serious threat to the right to privacy guaranteed by Article 8 of the ECHR of 1950. Few companies comply with the human rights principles in their operations by providing user data in response to requests from public services. In this regard, States must prove that any interference with the personal integrity of an individual is necessary and proportionate to address a particular security threat. Mandatory data storage, where telephone companies and Internet service providers are required to store metadata about their users’ communications for subsequent access by the law enforcement and intelligence agencies, is neither necessary nor proportionate. The author analyses the legislation of some countries in the field of personal data protection, as well as examples from practice. Practice in many States is evidence of the lack of adequate national legislation and enforcement, weak procedural safeguards and ineffective oversight, which contributes to widespread impunity for arbitrary or unlawful interference with the right to privacy. In conclusion, we propose a number of measures aimed at improving the level of personal data protection in accordance with the international standards. In order to provide guarantees and a minimum level of adequate data protection in the face of new challenges to human rights in an ever-changing digital environment, the author proposes to solve a number of pressing issues. Firstly, States should not have the right to ask companies for and have absolute access to user data without a court order. Secondly, the process of sending a request and receiving data from a telecommunications company should be regulated in detail and transparent. The availability of specialized judges with technical expertise shall be valuable

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