Influence of Paraquat on Yield and Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus for Georgia-02C and Georgia-03L Peanut

Abstract Paraquat is a common herbicide used in peanut production; however, visible injury and reduced yield have been observed in some instances. Most research regarding paraquat injury on peanut has taken place on cultivars that are no longer available and were more susceptible to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) than current cultivars. Field experiments were conducted over three growing seasons to determine the effect of paraquat on yield and TSWV incidence in two moderately TSWV-resistant cultivars (Georgia-02C and Georgia-03L). Paraquat and paraquat plus bentazon were evaluated against a non-treated control at four application timings [7, 14, 21, and 28 d after ground cracking (DAGC)]. There were no yield differences among herbicide treatments or application timings for Georgia-02C peanut, but there was a treatment interaction with Georgia-03L for yield. The majority of interaction comparisons showed no yield differences, but the non-treated control had higher yields than the herbicide treatments when significance did occur. Yields were similar for the 7 DAGC timing in all comparisons. In all instances when differences occurred for both cultivars, TSWV was higher in non-treated plots than where herbicides were applied. This data supports the use of paraquat in Georgia-02C and Georgia-03L peanut since there is minimal chance of yield reduction and may also reduce TSWV incidence; however, additional studies are required.

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Occurrence, Prevalence, and Distribution of Viruses Infecting Peanut in Argentina

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-92-8-1237 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 92 (8) ◽

pp. 1237-1240 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

S. de Breuil ◽

M. S. Nievas ◽

F. J. Giolitti ◽

L. M. Giorda ◽

S. L. Lenardon

Keyword(s):

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽

Viral Diseases ◽

Mixed Infections ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽

Peanut Stripe Virus ◽

Peanut Production ◽

Peanut Stunt Virus ◽

Wilt Virus

This is the first survey to determine the occurrence, prevalence, and distribution of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) viral diseases in Argentina. It was conducted in the province of Córdoba, which has 92% of the country's peanut production. It included the main peanut viruses Peanut mottle virus (PeMoV), Peanut stripe virus (PStV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Peanut stunt virus (PSV), Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), and Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV). Leaf samples from 1,028 individual peanut plants with virus-like symptoms and 986 samples from asymptomatic plants were collected in six counties of Córdoba over 3 years and serologically tested for the presence of viruses. PeMoV was the most frequently detected virus, found in 58.8, 34.2, and 23.4% of samples from the 2003–04, 2004–05, and 2005–06 growing seasons, respectively, and it was found in all sampled counties. Also, it was the only virus detected in asymptomatic plants. Less than 4% of symptomatic plants were infected with CMV or GRSV; 0.5, 3.6, and 2% of samples were positive for CMV; and 0.5, 3.1, and 1.6% were positive for GRSV in the 2003–04, 2004–05 and 2005–06 seasons, respectively. Some mixed infections were found: CMV-PeMoV and GRSV-PeMoV. During this survey, PSV, PStV, and TSWV were not detected in any peanut samples.

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Transmission of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus to Tomato Plants of Different Ages

Journal of Entomological Science ◽

10.18474/0749-8004-38.1.127 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 127-136 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

C. Chaisuekul ◽

D. G. Riley ◽

H. R. Pappu

Keyword(s):

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽

Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽

Lag Time ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Mechanical Transmission ◽

Tomato Plants ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽

Wilt Virus ◽

Transmission Test ◽

Mechanical Transmissions

Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and mechanical transmissions of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) to tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, cv. ‘Sunny Hybrid’) were investigated relative to plant age at the time of inoculation. In 1999, thrips and mechanical transmissions were compared between plants at 7, 14 and 28 d after germination under field exclusion cages. In 2000, thrips transmission was evaluated in plants at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 d after germination, and mechanical transmission was evaluated in plants at 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 d after germination. Subsamples of thrips from flowers of TSWV-infected tomato used in 1999 transmission consisted of 59% Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), 34% F. tricici (Fitch), and subsamples of thrips collected from onion used in 2000 transmission consisted of 78% F. occidentalis and 19% F. fusca (Hinds). There was significant yield reduction resulting from early transmission of TSWV in the mechanical transmission test in 2000 (P= 0.008), but not in thrips transmission test in 2000 (P= 0.62). A reduction in the percent of TSWV-damaged fruit in late transmission was significant in the thrips transmission test (P = 0.04) but not in the mechanical transmission test (P= 0.25) in 2000. Lag time from virus transmission to symptom development or to a positive ELISA test was highly correlated to TSWV damaged fruit (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively) in the mechanical transmission test in 2000. The lag time of a positive ELISA in the thrips transmission test in 2000 correlated with the percentage of TSWV-damaged fruit (P = 0.009). In summary, early infection of TSWV to tomato plants resulted in lower yield and a higher percentage of TSWV-damaged fruits than late infection.

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Response of Eight Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivars to the Herbicide AC 263,222

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/pnut.22.1.0017 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 76-80 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

John S. Richburg ◽

John W. Wilcut ◽

Albert K. Culbreath ◽

Craig K. Kvien

Keyword(s):

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Stem Rot ◽

Lower Percentage ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Main Effect ◽

Peanut Cultivars ◽

Ac 263,222 ◽

Wilt Virus

Abstract Field experiments conducted in 1992 and 1993 in Georgia evaluated the response of the peanut cultivars Florunner, Georgia Runner, Goldkist GK 7, NC 7, NC-V11, Southern Runner, Sunrunner, and AgraTech VC-1 to AC 263,222 applied early-postemergence (EPOST) at 71 g ha-1. Visual injury, which was less than 13%, was independent of cultivar, and injury was not evident on any cultivar midseason. AC 263,222 slightly reduced canopy width consistently on all cultivars. The only significant effect on percentage fancy pods, medium, No. 1, sound splits, damaged, and other kernels was the main effect of cultivar. There was a significant cultivar, AC 263,222, and cultivar-by-AC 263,222 effect on extra large kernels (ELK) and jumbo kernel percentages. Southern Runner and NC-V11 had significantly lower percentage jumbo and ELK, respectively when treated with AC 263,222. In addition, Florunner and Sunrunner also had numerically less percentage jumbo kernels. Reductions in percentages of ELK and jumbo were probably the result of AC 263,222-induced maturity delays. However, these reductions were not reflected in peanut yields. The occurence of late and early leaf spot, tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), and southern stem rot was independent of both cultivar and AC 263,222.

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Biological and Molecular Analyses of the Acibenzolar-S-Methyl-Induced Systemic Acquired Resistance in Flue-Cured Tobacco Against Tomato spotted wilt virus

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-98-2-0196 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 98 (2) ◽

pp. 196-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

B. Mandal ◽

S. Mandal ◽

A. S. Csinos ◽

N. Martinez ◽

A. K. Culbreath ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽

Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Acquired Resistance ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Inverse Correlation ◽

Challenge Inoculation ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽

High Level ◽

Wilt Virus

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is an economically important virus of flue-cured tobacco. Activation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) by acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) in flue-cured tobacco was studied under greenhouse conditions by challenge inoculation with a severe isolate of TSWV. ASM restricted virus replication and movement, and as a result reduced systemic infection. Activation of resistance was observed within 2 days after treatment with ASM and a high level of resistance was observed at 5 days onward. Expression of the pathogenesis-related (PR) protein gene, PR-3, and different classes of PR proteins such as PR-1, PR-3, and PR-5 were detected at 2 days post-ASM treatment which inversely correlated with the reduction in the number of local lesions caused by TSWV. Tobacco plants treated with increased quantities of ASM (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 g a.i./7,000 plants) showed increased levels of SAR as indicated by the reduction of both local and systemic infections by TSWV. The highest level of resistance was at 4 g a.i., but this rate of ASM also caused phytotoxicity resulting in temporary foliar spotting and stunting of plants. An inverse correlation between the TSWV reduction and phytotoxicity was observed with the increase of ASM concentration. ASM at the rate of 1 to 2 g a.i./7,000 plants activated a high level of resistance and minimized the phytotoxicity. Use of gibberellic acid in combination with ASM reduced the stunting caused by ASM. Present findings together with previous field experiments demonstrate that ASM is a potential option for management of TSWV in flue-cured tobacco.

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Sixty-One Years Following Registration, Phorate Applied In-Furrow at Planting Suppresses Development of Late Leaf Spot on Peanut

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-03-20-0547-re ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 104 (11) ◽

pp. 2885-2890

Author(s):

Daniel J. Anco ◽

James S. Thomas ◽

David L. Wright ◽

Nicholas S. Dufault ◽

Ian M. Small

Keyword(s):

Leaf Spot ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Significant Suppression ◽

Late Leaf Spot ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Average Potential ◽

Peanut Production ◽

Wilt Virus

Late and early leaf spot are caused by Nothopassalora personata and Passalora arachidicola, respectively, and are damaging diseases of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) capable of defoliation and yield loss. Management of these diseases is most effective through the integration of tactics that reduce starting inoculum and prevent infection. The insecticide phorate was first registered in 1959 and has been used in peanut production for decades in-furrow at planting to suppress thrips. Phorate further provides significant suppression of Tomato spotted wilt virus infection beyond suppression of its thrips vector alone by activating defense-related responses in the peanut plant. From six experiments conducted from 2017 to 2019 in Blackville, SC, Reddick, FL, and Quincy, FL, significantly less leaf spot defoliation was exhibited on peanuts treated with phorate in-furrow at planting (26%) compared with nontreated checks (48%). In-season fungicides were excluded from five of the experiments, whereas the 2018 Quincy, FL, experiment included eight applications on a 15-day interval. Across individual experiments, significant suppression of defoliation caused by late leaf spot was observed from 64 to 147 days after planting. Although more variable within location-years, pod yield following phorate treatment was overall significantly greater than for nontreated peanut (2,330 compared with 2,030 kg/ha; P = 0.0794). The consistent defoliation suppression potential was estimated to confer an average potential net economic yield savings of $90 to $120 per hectare under analogous leaf spot defoliation. To our knowledge, these are the first data in the 61 years since its registration demonstrating significant suppression of leaf spot on peanut following application of phorate in-furrow at planting. Results support phorate use in peanut as an effective and economical tactic to incorporate to manage late and early leaf spot infections and development of fungicide resistance.

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Tomato spotted wilt virus Can Infect Resistant Tomato when Western Flower Thrips Inoculate Blossoms

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-12-16-1716-re ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 101 (9) ◽

pp. 1666-1670 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

J. L. Houle ◽

G. G. Kennedy

Keyword(s):

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽

Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Control Method ◽

Western Flower Thrips ◽

Effective Control ◽

Flower Thrips ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽

Systemic Infections ◽

Wilt Virus

Tomato spotted wilt is a major disease of crops worldwide. Resistant cultivars carrying the Sw-5 allele for resistance to tomato spotted wilt disease (TSW) provide the most effective control method in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). However, infections of fruit on Sw-5+ tomato plants suggest the virus resistance may not be fully expressed in blossoms or developing fruit. The objective of this study was to determine if the thrips vector, the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), can transmit non-resistance breaking Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) isolates when confined to blossoms on plants with and without the Sw-5 resistance allele. Twenty-one percent of 33 Sw-5+ plants inoculated by adult thrips feeding on blossom clusters or small fruit developed infections in the reproductive tissue, whereas 68% of 25 Sw-5– plants developed infections. Systemic infections also occurred following inoculation of blossoms in host genotypes with and without Sw-5. These results were further supported by field experiments that showed high proportions of infected fruit as well as a limited infection of foliage on the same stem as the infected fruit in Sw-5+ plants when F. occidentalis were abundant in blossoms. These findings help to explain observations of abundant late season infections of Sw-5 cultivars in commercial plantings and suggest that management of F. occidentalis infestations during the bloom period may be important for effective management of TSWV in susceptible tomato cultivars as well as cultivars expressing the Sw-5 allele for TSW resistance.

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Response of New Field-Resistant Peanut Cultivars to Twin-Row Pattern or In-Furrow Applications of Phorate for Management of Spotted Wilt

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-92-9-1307 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 92 (9) ◽

pp. 1307-1312 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

A. K. Culbreath ◽

B. L. Tillman ◽

D. W. Gorbet ◽

C. C. Holbrook ◽

C. Nischwitz

Keyword(s):

Lower Incidence ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Field Resistance ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽

Progress Curve ◽

Peanut Cultivars ◽

Wilt Virus ◽

Moderately Resistant ◽

New Cultivars

Field experiments were conducted at Marianna, FL in 2006 and Tifton, GA in 2006 and 2007 to compare new peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivars to the moderately resistant cv. Georgia Green and the highly resistant cv. AP-3 for field resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), genus Tospovirus, and to determine the effects of in-furrow application of phorate insecticide and use of twin-row versus single-row patterns on incidence of spotted wilt in these cultivars. Cvs. Georgia Green, AP-3, Georgia-03L, Georgia-01R, Florida-07, McCloud, and York were evaluated in all five experiments, and Tifguard was added in experiments at Tifton. All cultivars except McCloud had lower incidence of spotted wilt than Georgia Green in all experiments. McCloud was intermediate in resistance to TSWV and had lower incidence of spotted wilt than Georgia Green in four of five experiments. Use of the twin-row pattern also reduced incidence of spotted wilt in McCloud in both years. On Georgia Green, phorate reduced incidence of spotted wilt in 2007 and twin-row pattern reduced incidence in both years. Phorate had no effect on spotted wilt in AP-3, Georgia-03L, McCloud, Georgia-01R, or Tifguard in either year. Twin-row pattern reduced either final incidence or area under the disease progress curve in all cultivars in at least 1 year of the study. All of these new cultivars should reduce the risk of losses to spotted wilt compared with Georgia Green. In highly resistant cultivars, especially AP-3, York, and Tifguard, use of phorate insecticide or twin-row pattern may not be necessary, and may not provide noticeable benefit in reduction of spotted wilt or increased yield.

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Genotype × Seeding Rate Interaction among TSWV-Resistant, Runner-Type Peanut Cultivars1

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/pnut.30.2.0009 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 108-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

W. D. Branch ◽

J. A. Baldwin ◽

A. K. Culbreath

Keyword(s):

Coastal Plain ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Seeding Rate ◽

Green It ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Peanut Production ◽

Rate Interaction ◽

Wilt Virus

Abstract Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) resistant, runner-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars are the most important defense to control spotted wilt disease in southeast U.S. peanut production. The objective of this 3-yr (1999–01) study was to evaluate six TSWV-resistant, runner-type cultivars (Southern Runner, Florida MDR 98, C-99R, ViruGard, Georgia Green, and Georgia-OIR) at three different seeding rates (3, 5, and 7 seed/30.5 cm) in single conventional row patterns for possible genotype (GE) × seeding rate (SR) interaction at the Univ. of Georgia, Coastal Plain Experiment Station. The combined split-plot analyses of variance resulted in highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) GE × SR interaction, which indicates that not all six runner-type cultivars performed the same at each of these three seeding rates. A good example was the TSWV-resistant, runner-type peanut cultivar Georgia Green. It performed subpar at the below normal or lowest seeding rate; whereas at the highest seeding rate, Georgia Green and Georgia-OIR produced the highest pod yields and dollar value returns per hectare among all of these runner-type cultivars. TSWV disease incidence was also significantly lower for the TSWV-resistant Georgia Green cultivar at each of the two higher seeding rates compared to the lowest seeding rate.

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Effects of insecticides applied in-furrow with superabsorbent polymer on peanut cultivars infected with Tomato spotted wilt virus

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/ps19-7.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 127-139 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. M. Haynes ◽

N. Smith ◽

A.K. Culbreath ◽

K.R. Kirk ◽

D.J. Anco

Keyword(s):

South Carolina ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Economic Value ◽

Initial Study ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Common Disease ◽

Superabsorbent Polymer ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽

Wilt Virus

ABSTRACT Spotted wilt of peanut (SWP) (Arachis hypogaea L.) caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV; family Tospoviridae, genus Orthotospovirus) is a common disease that causes severe economic losses in peanut producing regions of the world. The causal agent is transmitted by thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Field experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018 to determine if management of spotted wilt and subsequent productivity of peanut, including economic value, could benefit from applying a superabsorbent polymer (SAP) with standard in-furrow insecticides at planting. To determine this, two individual experiments were performed. In the first study, phorate and imidacloprid were individually applied with (2.24 kg/ha) or without SAP across cultivars susceptible (FloRun 157 or TUFRunner 511), moderately susceptible (Georgia 06G), and resistant (Sullivan or TifNV-High O/L) to TSWV. Nontreated controls were included in all experiments. The second study sought to determine the efficacy of different rates of SAP (0, 2.24, 5.6, and 8.97 kg/ha). The initial study was conducted in three locations across South Carolina and Georgia, while the second was conducted at Blackville, SC. In the first study, incidence of SWP was reduced (P = 0.0547) in multiple location-year analysis with a reduction of 9.4% observed in susceptible cultivars treated with phorate compared to untreated checks and those with imidacloprid. SAP did not affect final SWP incidence or economic value (P > 0.05) and was not consistently significant for yield. From the SAP rate study, a linear relationship of decreasing SWP incidence was observed with increasing SAP application rates for both imidacloprid and phorate in 2017 and 2018. On a means comparison basis, SWP was lower than the no-SAP check at SAP rates of 5.56 and 8.97 kg/ha, but this did not necessarily translate into increased yield. Additional experiments are needed to elucidate the relationship superabsorbent polymer may have to susceptible cultivars and phorate.

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Georgia-06G, Florida-07, and Tifguard Peanut Cultivar Response to Chlorimuron

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-11-00177.1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 429-431

Author(s):

Eric P. Prostko ◽

Robert C. Kemerait ◽

Theodore M. Webster

Keyword(s):

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Yield Losses ◽

Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽

Peanut Cultivars ◽

Wilt Virus ◽

New Cultivars

Recent shifts in the peanut cultivars commercially grown have led to a renewed interest in the tolerance of these new cultivars to herbicides. Field experiments were conducted in Georgia from 2008 to 2011 to evaluate the effects of chlorimuron on the incidence of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and yield of ‘Florida-07’, ‘Georgia-06G’, and ‘Tifguard’. Chlorimuron at 9 g ai ha−1 was applied at 60 to 69, 70 to 79, 90 to 99, and 100 to 109 d after peanut emergence (DAE). TSWV was increased by only 3% when chlorimuron was applied to Tifguard at 60 to 69 DAE. Yields of Florida-07 were not influenced by any timing of chlorimuron. Chlorimuron applied 60 to 69, 70 to 79, and 90 to 99 DAE caused yield reductions when applied to Georgia-06G. Yields of the cultivar Tifguard were reduced when chlorimuron was applied 70 to 79, 90 to 99, and 100 to 109 DAE. Yield losses from chlorimuron ranged from 7 to 11%.

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