scholarly journals Field evaluation and components of peanut rust resistance of newly developed breeding lines

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-36
Author(s):  
I.L. Power ◽  
B.L. Tillman ◽  
T.B. Brenneman ◽  
R.C. Kemerait ◽  
K L. Stevenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latent Period ◽  
Rust Resistance ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
The United States ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Plant Introductions ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

ABSTRACT Field, greenhouse, and growth chamber experiments were conducted to determine the level of resistance to Puccinia arachidis Speg. in newly developed breeding lines of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). These lines were developed in the UF150 project of the Peanut Collaborative Research and Support Program (Peanut CRSP) as part of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Field experiments were carried out in Citra, FL and Tifton, GA from 2010 to 2013. Five genotypes Tifrust-10 and Tifrust-13, and CRSP breeding lines PTBOL3-3, 97x36-HO2-1-B2G-3-1-2-2, and BOL3-7 had the lowest standardized area under the disease progress curve and final disease severity score for rust. The CRSP breeding lines 97x36-HO2-1-B2G-3-1-2-2 and BOL3-7 also appeared to be highly resistant to late leaf spot, caused by Cercosporidium personatum (Berk & M. A. Curtis Deighton). In growth chamber studies, genotypes with longer latent periods generally had lower infection frequencies at 7, 11, and 16 d after inoculation, and smaller percent diseased areas. Latent period and percent diseased area were significantly correlated with stAUDPC. CRSP breeding lines 97x36-HO2-1-B2G-3-1-2-2 and BOL3-7, and plant introductions PI562530, PI568164, and PI298115, were among the genotypes with the lower scores for these components. Several genotypes with multiple disease resistance in different environments and under high disease pressure were identified in these studies. These results indicate sources of rust resistance in the CRSP breeding lines, including several genotypes that could be used as parents in peanut germplasm enhancement programs, and indicate that latent period, percent diseased area, and lesion diameter may be used as indicators for rust resistance in growth chamber studies.

scholarly journals Comparison of Field, Greenhouse, and Detached-Leaflet Evaluations of Tomato Germ Plasm for Early Blight Resistance

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (9) ◽  
pp. 967-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Foolad ◽  
N. Ntahimpera ◽  
B. J. Christ ◽  
G. Y. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Early Blight ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Tomato Cultivar ◽  
New Yorker ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Plant Introductions ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Progress Curve

Twenty-nine tomato genotypes (cultivars, breeding lines, and plant introductions), representing three Lycopersicon species, were evaluated for resistance to early blight (EB) caused by the fungus Alternaria solani. Evaluations were conducted in replicated trials in multiple years under field and greenhouse conditions (with whole plants) and in growth chamber (with detached leaflets). In the field experiments, plants were evaluated for disease symptoms, and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and final percent defoliation were determined. In the greenhouse experiments, plants were evaluated for percent defoliation following spray-inoculation with isolates of A. solani. In the growth chamber experiments, lesion radius, rate of lesion expansion, and final disease severity were determined for individual detached leaflets inoculated with isolates of A. solani. There were significant differences among genotypes in their response to A. solani infection in the field, greenhouse, and growth chamber experiments. In the field and greenhouse experiments, disease response varied from near-complete resistance in some accessions of the wild tomato species L. hirsutum (e.g., PI126445 and LA2099) to complete susceptibility in tomato cultivar New Yorker and breeding line NC84173. The previously developed EB-resistant breeding lines 88B231, 89B21, C1943, NCEBR-1, NCEBR-2, NCEBR-5, NCEBR-6, NC24E, and NC39E exhibited more resistance than New Yorker and NC84173. Field and greenhouse results were comparable across replications and years, and there were great correspondences (r ≈0.71, P < 0.01) between field and greenhouse resistance across genotypes. In contrast, results from the detached-leaflet assays were inconsistent across experiments and not correlated with either greenhouse or field results. The overall results indicate the utility of greenhouse evaluation and the inadequacy of detached-leaflet assay for screening tomatoes for EB resistance.

scholarly journals Field Evaluations of Leaf Spot Resistance and Yield in Peanut Genotypes in the United States and Bolivia

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Gremillion ◽  
A. K. Culbreath ◽  
D. W. Gorbet ◽  
B. G. Mullinix ◽  
R. N. Pittman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Cercospora Arachidicola ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Progress Curve

Field experiments were conducted in 2002 to 2006 to characterize yield potential and disease resistance in the Bolivian landrace peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cv. Bayo Grande, and breeding lines developed from crosses of Bayo Grande and U.S. cv. Florida MDR-98. Diseases of interest included early leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora arachidicola, and late leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercosporidium personatum. Bayo Grande, MDR-98, and three breeding lines, along with U.S. cvs. C-99R and Georgia Green, were included in split-plot field experiments in six locations across the United States and Bolivia. Whole-plot treatments consisted of two tebuconazole applications and a nontreated control. Genotypes were the subplot treatments. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for percent defoliation due to leaf spot was lower for Bayo Grande and all breeding lines than for Georgia Green at all U.S. locations across years. AUDPC for disease incidence from one U.S. location indicated similar results. Severity of leaf spot epidemics and relative effects of the genotypes were less consistent in the Bolivian experiments. In Bolivia, there were no indications of greater levels of disease resistance in any of the breeding lines than in Bayo Grande. In the United States, yields of Bayo Grande and the breeding lines were greater than those of the other genotypes in 1 of 2 years. In Bolivia, low disease intensity resulted in the highest yields in Georgia Green, while high disease intensity resulted in comparable yields among the breeding lines, MDR-98, and C-99R. Leaf spot suppression by tebuconazole was greater in Bolivia than in the United States. This result indicates a possible higher level of fungicide resistance in the U.S. population of leaf spot pathogens. Overall, data from this study suggest that Bayo Grande and the breeding lines may be desirable germplasm for U.S. and Bolivian breeding programs or production.

Dicamba Volatility

Weed Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 486-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Behrens ◽  
W. E. Lueschen
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Volatile Component ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Anisic Acid ◽  
Blotter Paper ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies ◽  
Soybean Leaves

Factors influencing dicamba drift, especially vapor drift, were examined in field and growth chamber studies. In field experiments, potted soybeans[Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. exposed to vapors arising from corn (Zea maysL.) foliarly treated with the sodium (Na), dimethylamine (DMA), diethanolamine (DEOA), orN-tallow-N,N1,N1-trimethyl-1,3-diaminopropane (TA) salts of dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), developed dicamba injury symptoms. Dicamba volatilization from treated corn was detected with soybeans for 3 days after the application. Dicamba vapors caused symptoms on soybeans placed up to 60m downwind of the treated corn. When vapor and/or spray drift caused soybean terminal bud kill, yields were reduced. In growth chamber studies, dicamba volatility effects on soybeans could be reduced by lowering the temperature or increasing the relative humidity. Rainfall of 1mm or more on treated corn ended dicamba volatilization. The dicamba volatilization was greater from corn and soybean leaves than from velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) leaves and blotter paper. The volatilization of dicamba formulations varied in growth chamber comparisons with the acid being most volatile and the inorganic salts being the least volatile. However, under field conditions, use of less volatile formulations did not eliminate dicamba symptoms on soybeans. The volatile component of the commercial DMA salt of dicamba was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as free dicamba acid.

COMPETITION BETWEEN BARLEY AND WILD OATS AS AFFECTED BY NITROGEN, BARBAN AND TIME OF SEEDING

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 541-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. McBEATH ◽  
D. A. DEW ◽  
H. A. FRIESEN
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Reciprocal Relationships ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies ◽  
Main Effects

Main effects and interactions of nitrogen, barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl m-chlorocarbanilate) and time of seeding of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) in relation to barley were investigated in factorial growth chamber and field experiments. Culms and yield of barley were increased by nitrogen and barban in both experiments, and increased by each delay in wild oat seeding in the growth chamber only. Culms and yield of wild oats were increased by nitrogen in the growth chamber but not in the field, and were decreased by barban and delayed seeding in both experiments. Competition between the two species growing together is demonstrated by reciprocal relationships between culm numbers and yield of the two species. Similar results were obtained for most main effects and interactions in the two experiments, indicating that competitive and nutrient stresses developed in short term growth chamber studies can be used for the prediction of results under field conditions.

scholarly journals Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry of Seabird Guano Fertilization: Results from Growth Chamber Studies with Maize (Zea Mays)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. e33741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Szpak ◽  
Fred J. Longstaffe ◽  
Jean-François Millaire ◽  
Christine D. White
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies ◽  
Seabird Guano

Interference between hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata) and soybean (Glycine max) in response to irrigation and nitrogen

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Andy King ◽  
Larry C. Purcell
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Sesbania Exaltata ◽  
Competition For Light ◽  
Hemp Sesbania ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

Soybean yield loss from weed interference depends upon weed density and competitiveness of crop and weed species in response to environment. Soil water availability and nitrogen fertility were evaluated for their effect on competitiveness of individual species in field experiments. Early-season temperatures in 1995, which were cool compared to 1994, slowed hemp sesbania growth without affecting soybean growth. This resulted in negligible competition with soybean by hemp sesbania at densities of 3 or 6 plants m−2. In 1994, hemp sesbania grew above the soybean canopy, decreasing soybean light interception 29 to 68%, and reducing soybean yield 30 to 48%. Fertilizer nitrogen increased soybean competitiveness, as indicated by biomass production, only in irrigated plots with hemp sesbania at 3 m−2, but did not affect soybean yield. Apparently, competition for light is a primary cause of soybean yield loss from hemp sesbania infestations. In growth chamber studies, simulating temperatures from the field, hemp sesbania growth was stimulated more by warm temperatures than was soybean. Hemp sesbania and soybean dry weights increased 4.4- and 2.7-fold, respectively, at 30/20 C day/night temperatures compared to 25/15 C.

Characterization of Resistance of Peanut to Puccinia arachidis

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imana L. Power ◽  
Albert K. Culbreath ◽  
Barry L. Tillman
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Collaborative Research ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Plant Introductions ◽  
Puccinia Arachidis ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L

Peanut rust, caused by Puccinia arachidis Speg, is an important foliar disease of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in tropical countries. The best option for disease management is host resistance. The objectives of this project included characterizing peanut genotypes for resistance to P. arachidis, assessing the genetic variation of newly developed Collaborative Research and Support Program (CRSP) peanut breeding lines, and assessing genetic variability among P. arachidis populations. In field studies conducted over 2010-2011, several CRSP breeding lines demonstrated varying levels of rust resistance. Detached leaf assays were used to examine the components of resistance to P. arachidis. Few significant differences were observed in these studies. We used SSR markers to characterize newly developed CRSP breeding lines, plant introductions, and commonly grown cultivars. The SSR markers used detected polymorphisms but were not able to distinguish resistant from susceptible peanut genotypes. Sequences of the 5.8S-ITS2-28S region of P. arachidis isolates collected from different regions in the United States and other countries do not indicate high genetic variability among the populations. Accepted for publication 23 September 2013. Published 25 November 2013.

Factors Involved in Alachlor Injury to the Potato (Solanum tuberosum)

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 482-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.N. Belote ◽  
T.J. Monaco
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

Results from greenhouse and growth chamber studies indicated that alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide] injury to ‘Superior’ potatoes (Solanum tuberosumL.) was related to time of herbicide application and temperature. Injury to the ‘Superior’ cultivar was observed when alachlor was applied just before potato emergence. Necrosis of shoots near the soil surface, shoot dieback, stem swelling, leaf crinkle, and plant stunting were characteristic symptoms of alachlor injury. Cool temperatures appeared to intensify the injury. ‘Superior’ potatoes outgrew injury within 41 days after treatment. Herbicide placement studies in the growth chamber suggested that alachlor or its metabolites were absorbed by the shoots of emerging ‘Superior’ potatoes. Under growth chamber conditions the ‘Katahdin’ cultivar was injured by preemergence applications of alachlor when the herbicide was applied just before plant emergence. Injury symptoms were similar to those observed on the ‘Superior’ cultivar. ‘Pungo’ and ‘Norchip’ potatoes were tolerant to preemergence applications of the herbicide regardless of time of application.

Control of Kochia in Sugarbeets With Benzadox

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Weatherspoon ◽  
E. E. Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Kochia Scoparia ◽  
Simulated Rain ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

Benzadox [(benzamidooxy)acetic acid] applied at 1, 2, 3, and 4 lb/A as a postemergence treatment controlled kochia [Kochia scoparia(L.) Schrad.] selectively in sugarbeets (Beta vulgarisL.). Control increased as the rate of benzadox increased, but some kochia survived at the 4-lb/A rate. Competition from these plants reduced the yields of sugarbeet roots and sucrose. Where surviving kochia plants were removed by hand 7 weeks after emergence, all sugarbeets treated with benzadox yielded as well as the hand-weeded checks. In growth chamber studies, the activity of benzadox was increased by temperature and decreased by simulated rain which occurred within 4 hr following application. Under a temperature regime of 70 F day and 40 F night, if simulated rain was delayed for 8 hr, the control of kochia was identical to that obtained where no simulated rain followed treatment. The growth chamber studies confirmed our results with the performance of benzadox under different environmental conditions in the field.

Foliar and Root Absorption of Atrazine Applied Postemergence to Giant Foxtail

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lafayette Thompson ◽  
F. W. Slife
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Simulated Rainfall ◽  
Root Absorption ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Setaria Faberii ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

In growth chamber studies, high relative humidity and rewetting crystalline spray deposits of 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine (atrazine) increased absorption by and phytotoxicity to giant foxtail (Setaria faberii Herrm.), but phytotoxicity was restricted to expanded (unrolled) leaves unless some atrazine was absorbed by the roots. Though phytotoxicity was increased by simulated rainfall when root absorption was prevented, an appreciable number of the plants were killed only when atrazine residues were washed into the soil. In field studies, atrazine applied to a wet soil surface was as effective as the same rate of atrazine foliarly applied. In other field experiments, atrazine applied to giant foxtail on a wet soil and followed by simulated rainfall reduced stand and dry weight, but on a dry soil and not followed by simulated rainfall, atrazine reduced dry weight less and did not reduce stand. These results are due to root absorption of atrazine from wet soil. Spray additives increased phytotoxicity.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document