scholarly journals Comparison of Field, Greenhouse, and Detached-Leaflet Evaluations of Tomato Germ Plasm for Early Blight Resistance

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (9) ◽  
pp. 967-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Foolad ◽  
N. Ntahimpera ◽  
B. J. Christ ◽  
G. Y. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Early Blight ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Tomato Cultivar ◽  
New Yorker ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Plant Introductions ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Progress Curve

Twenty-nine tomato genotypes (cultivars, breeding lines, and plant introductions), representing three Lycopersicon species, were evaluated for resistance to early blight (EB) caused by the fungus Alternaria solani. Evaluations were conducted in replicated trials in multiple years under field and greenhouse conditions (with whole plants) and in growth chamber (with detached leaflets). In the field experiments, plants were evaluated for disease symptoms, and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and final percent defoliation were determined. In the greenhouse experiments, plants were evaluated for percent defoliation following spray-inoculation with isolates of A. solani. In the growth chamber experiments, lesion radius, rate of lesion expansion, and final disease severity were determined for individual detached leaflets inoculated with isolates of A. solani. There were significant differences among genotypes in their response to A. solani infection in the field, greenhouse, and growth chamber experiments. In the field and greenhouse experiments, disease response varied from near-complete resistance in some accessions of the wild tomato species L. hirsutum (e.g., PI126445 and LA2099) to complete susceptibility in tomato cultivar New Yorker and breeding line NC84173. The previously developed EB-resistant breeding lines 88B231, 89B21, C1943, NCEBR-1, NCEBR-2, NCEBR-5, NCEBR-6, NC24E, and NC39E exhibited more resistance than New Yorker and NC84173. Field and greenhouse results were comparable across replications and years, and there were great correspondences (r ≈0.71, P < 0.01) between field and greenhouse resistance across genotypes. In contrast, results from the detached-leaflet assays were inconsistent across experiments and not correlated with either greenhouse or field results. The overall results indicate the utility of greenhouse evaluation and the inadequacy of detached-leaflet assay for screening tomatoes for EB resistance.

scholarly journals Field evaluation and components of peanut rust resistance of newly developed breeding lines

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-36
Author(s):  
I.L. Power ◽  
B.L. Tillman ◽  
T.B. Brenneman ◽  
R.C. Kemerait ◽  
K L. Stevenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latent Period ◽  
Rust Resistance ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
The United States ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Plant Introductions ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

ABSTRACT Field, greenhouse, and growth chamber experiments were conducted to determine the level of resistance to Puccinia arachidis Speg. in newly developed breeding lines of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). These lines were developed in the UF150 project of the Peanut Collaborative Research and Support Program (Peanut CRSP) as part of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Field experiments were carried out in Citra, FL and Tifton, GA from 2010 to 2013. Five genotypes Tifrust-10 and Tifrust-13, and CRSP breeding lines PTBOL3-3, 97x36-HO2-1-B2G-3-1-2-2, and BOL3-7 had the lowest standardized area under the disease progress curve and final disease severity score for rust. The CRSP breeding lines 97x36-HO2-1-B2G-3-1-2-2 and BOL3-7 also appeared to be highly resistant to late leaf spot, caused by Cercosporidium personatum (Berk & M. A. Curtis Deighton). In growth chamber studies, genotypes with longer latent periods generally had lower infection frequencies at 7, 11, and 16 d after inoculation, and smaller percent diseased areas. Latent period and percent diseased area were significantly correlated with stAUDPC. CRSP breeding lines 97x36-HO2-1-B2G-3-1-2-2 and BOL3-7, and plant introductions PI562530, PI568164, and PI298115, were among the genotypes with the lower scores for these components. Several genotypes with multiple disease resistance in different environments and under high disease pressure were identified in these studies. These results indicate sources of rust resistance in the CRSP breeding lines, including several genotypes that could be used as parents in peanut germplasm enhancement programs, and indicate that latent period, percent diseased area, and lesion diameter may be used as indicators for rust resistance in growth chamber studies.

scholarly journals Genetic Resistance to Early Blight in Tomato Breeding Lines

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa Maiero ◽  
Timothy J Ng ◽  
Thomas H. Barksdale
Keyword(s):  
Combining Ability ◽  
Early Blight ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Diallel Mating Design ◽  
The Family ◽  
Resistance Trait ◽  
Additive Genetic Effects

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) genotypes evaluated for early blight [Alternaria solani (Ellis & Martin) Jones and Grout] resistance included five tolerant breeding lines, a susceptible cultivar, and seven hybrids among them. Three of the genotypes (`Castlejay', NC EBR-2, and 87B187) were crossed in a diallel mating design to estimate general combining ability and specific combining ability for the resistance trait. Parental, F1, F2, and backcross generations of the family Cl943 x `Castlejay' were evaluated for resistance and included in generation mean analysis. Hybrid means for area under the disease progress curve were not significantly different from respective midparent values, indicating additive genetic control. Diallel and generation mean analyses also detected significant additive genetic effects. Epistasis was present in the Cl943 × `Castlejay' family.

scholarly journals Field Evaluations of Leaf Spot Resistance and Yield in Peanut Genotypes in the United States and Bolivia

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Gremillion ◽  
A. K. Culbreath ◽  
D. W. Gorbet ◽  
B. G. Mullinix ◽  
R. N. Pittman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Cercospora Arachidicola ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Progress Curve

Field experiments were conducted in 2002 to 2006 to characterize yield potential and disease resistance in the Bolivian landrace peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cv. Bayo Grande, and breeding lines developed from crosses of Bayo Grande and U.S. cv. Florida MDR-98. Diseases of interest included early leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora arachidicola, and late leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercosporidium personatum. Bayo Grande, MDR-98, and three breeding lines, along with U.S. cvs. C-99R and Georgia Green, were included in split-plot field experiments in six locations across the United States and Bolivia. Whole-plot treatments consisted of two tebuconazole applications and a nontreated control. Genotypes were the subplot treatments. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for percent defoliation due to leaf spot was lower for Bayo Grande and all breeding lines than for Georgia Green at all U.S. locations across years. AUDPC for disease incidence from one U.S. location indicated similar results. Severity of leaf spot epidemics and relative effects of the genotypes were less consistent in the Bolivian experiments. In Bolivia, there were no indications of greater levels of disease resistance in any of the breeding lines than in Bayo Grande. In the United States, yields of Bayo Grande and the breeding lines were greater than those of the other genotypes in 1 of 2 years. In Bolivia, low disease intensity resulted in the highest yields in Georgia Green, while high disease intensity resulted in comparable yields among the breeding lines, MDR-98, and C-99R. Leaf spot suppression by tebuconazole was greater in Bolivia than in the United States. This result indicates a possible higher level of fungicide resistance in the U.S. population of leaf spot pathogens. Overall, data from this study suggest that Bayo Grande and the breeding lines may be desirable germplasm for U.S. and Bolivian breeding programs or production.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Tolerance to Diphenyl Ether Herbicides Applied Postemergence

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 602-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Masiunas
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Diphenyl Ether ◽  
Tomato Cultivar ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Diphenyl Ethers ◽  
Tomato Cultivars

Tolerance of tomato cultivars to diphenyl ether herbicides applied postemergence was determined in greenhouse and field experiments. In greenhouse experiments, tomato cultivar tolerance differed, but acifluorfen injured all genotypes. ‘Carmen’, ‘PetoPride 2’ and ‘Heinz 1350’ tolerated acifluorfen while ‘Advantage’, and ‘Red Plum’ were susceptible. Growth habit and tolerance to 1.1 kg ae/ha acifluorfen was significantly correlated (r2= 0.24). Field-planted tomato cultivars' tolerance to diphenyl ether herbicides applied postemergence differed. Heinz 1350 and ‘Veeroma’ tolerated diphenyl ethers, while Advantage and Red Plum were susceptible. Potency of diphenyl ethers also varied with oxyfluorfen the most injurious and acifluorfen and fomesafen the least injurious.

scholarly journals Inheritance of Resistance to Early Blight Disease in Tetraploid × Diploid Crosses of Potatoes

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.B. Herriott ◽  
F.L. Haynes ◽  
P.B. Shoemaker
Keyword(s):  
Partial Correlation ◽  
Early Blight ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Inheritance Of Resistance ◽  
Narrow Sense ◽  
Narrow Sense Heritability ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Blight Disease ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Partial Correlation Coefficient

Heritability of resistance to early blight disease in potatoes (Solarium tuberosum L.) incited by Alternaria solani (En. & Martin) Ser. was estimated in tetraploid × diploid crosses. Susceptible tetraploid cultivars and breeding lines were the female parents. Diploids that produced a high proportion of first-division restitution (FDR) gametes and possessed different levels of early blight resistance were the male parents. Tubers from seedlings that resulted from the tetraploid × diploid crosses were planted in a field and artificially inoculated with spores of Alternaria solani. Resistance was measured as the slope (r) of the regression of the logit of the percent defoliation of each plant vs. time. Higher r values indicated lower resistance. Mean r values ranged from 0.123 to 0.157 for the tetraploid parents, and from 0.054 to 0.116 for the diploid parents. Mean r values for the tetraploid × diploid crosses were intermediate, ranging from 0.077 to 0.143. Narrow-sense heritability (h2) was 0.815. The partial correlation coefficient between r and mean maturity values was – 0.2086.

scholarly journals Antifungal activity against Alternaria solani and control of early blight in tomato by essential oil of bergamot orange

2020 ◽  
pp. 1861-1874
Author(s):  
Camila Hendges ◽  
José Renato Stangarlin ◽  
Márcia de Holanda Nozaki ◽  
Eloisa Lorenzetti ◽  
Odair José Kuhn
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Early Blight ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Toxic Activity ◽  
Progress Curve

The early blight (caused by the fungus Alternaria solani) results in significant damage to the tomato crop, directly affecting productivity. An alternative to the frequent use of pesticides is the use of essential oils, which can act in defense against phytopathogens. The objective of this work was to evaluate the toxic activity in vitro of the bergamot orange (Citrus aurantium ssp. bergamia) essential oil against A. solani, the control of the early blight, and the activity of defense enzymes in tomatoes treated with this oil and inoculated with A. solani. Mycelial discs of A. solani were added to dishes with V8 culture media to which essential oil at concentrations of 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500 µL L-1, in addition to a standard fungicide treatment (azoxystrobin + difenoconazole, 200 + 125 g L-1, respectively) was added. The Petri dishes were incubated at 25 °C in the dark. Mycelial growth was evaluated daily for 19 days, when all treatments reached maximum growth. Sporulation analysis was performed thereafter. Tomato plants were treated with bergamot essential oil, 30 days after transplanting, in the concentrations and fungicide mentioned, in the second pair of leaves. After 72 hours, the pathogen was inoculated using a spray bottle, on treated leaves (second pair of leaves) and untreated leaves (third pair of leaves). The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated based on five severity assessments. The activity of peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) was evaluated in leaves treated with the concentration of 2500 µL L-1 of essential oil. The concentration of 2500 ?L L-1 reduced mycelial growth and sporulation of the pathogen by 68.15% and 29.48%, respectively. In treatments with application of essential oil, lower AUDPC was observed for a concentration of 2500 ?L L-1, which was statistically similar to that observed for fungicide application, both in treated and untreated leaves. A greater activity of PPO, POX, and PAL was found locally and systemically, both in the second and third leaves, at concentration of 2500 ?L L-1. The essential oil of bergamot can be an alternative for the control of early blight in tomato.

scholarly journals Germplasm Evaluation of Glycine max for Resistance to Fusarium solani, the Causal Organism of Sudden Death Syndrome

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 515-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Hartman ◽  
Y. H. Huang ◽  
R. L. Nelson ◽  
G. R. Noel
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Soybean Plant ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Causal Organism ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Plant Introductions

Sudden death syndrome (SDS) is an important soybean disease that potentially can be controlled by host plant resistance. In this study, over 800 soybean plant introductions (PIs), lines, and cultivars were screened for resistance to Fusarium solani. Of 728 PIs from China, PI 567.374 had mean foliar SDS severities significantly (P = 0.05) lower than PI 520.733 (resistant check) in both growth-chamber and greenhouse tests. In addition, PIs 567.315, 567.441C, 567.650B, and 567.664 had mean SDS severity ratings significantly (P = 0.05) lower than PI 520.733 in a growth-chamber test. Of 16 soybean cyst nematode-resistant entries tested, 5 had values lower than the resistant check, PI 520.733, with cv. Hartwig significantly lower in the first trial. In trial two, no entries were lower than the resistant check, although cvs. Bell and Hartwig were not significantly different from PI 520.733. In another experiment, few soybean cultivars or experimental lines had SDS severity ratings lower than PI 520.733 in any one of three trials. Some of the newly acquired PIs from China that exhibited low foliar SDS severity ratings may provide the sources of resistance needed to develop new SDS-resistant soybean breeding lines and cultivars.

scholarly journals Curvularia Lunata as New Causal Pathogen of Tomato Early Blight Disease in Egypt

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heba-Alla S. AbdElatah ◽  
Nashwa M.A. Sallam ◽  
Mohamed S. Mohamed ◽  
Hadeel M. M. Khalil Bagy
Keyword(s):  
Early Blight ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Curvularia Lunata ◽  
Tomato Cultivar ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Causal Pathogen ◽  
Blight Disease

Abstract Tomato plants displaying early blight symptoms were collected from different localities in the provinces of Assiut and Sohag, Egypt. The causal pathogens were isolated on potato dextrose agar plates. Pathogenicity tests with 48 isolates were carried out under greenhouse conditions on tomato cultivar (CV 844). All tested isolates caused symptoms of early blight disease with different degrees. The highest disease severity on tomato plants was found after inoculation with isolate No. 6 followed by isolates No. 20 and No. 31. The most pathogenic isolates were identified by sequence analysis using ITS1 and ITS4 primers. The analysis of the amplified sequences from fungal isolates No. 6, 20 and 31 displayed 99 - 100% nucleotide identity with Alternaria solani, Curvularia lunata and A. alternata, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Curvularia lunata as one of the causal pathogens of early blight disease of tomato plants in Egypt.

scholarly journals Evaluation of QoI Fungicide Application Strategies for Managing Fungicide Resistance and Potato Early Blight Epidemics in Wisconsin

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Rosenzweig ◽  
Z. K. Atallah ◽  
G. Olaya ◽  
W. R. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Fungicide Resistance ◽  
Early Blight ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Mutant Type ◽  
Potato Acreage

Potato early blight (Alternaria solani) is a yield-limiting disease and control depends primarily on multiple fungicide applications. Azoxystrobin, registered in the United States in 1999, initially provided outstanding early blight control. Within 3 years, approximately 80% of the total potato acreage was being treated with azoxystrobin and other quinone outside inhibitor (QoI), fungicides registered subsequently. Alternaria solani isolates with decreased in vitro sensitivity to azoxystrobin were detected in Wisconsin during 2001. Field experiments were conducted in 2001 to 2003 to evaluate season-long fungicide programs and test fungicide resistance management strategies. The fungicide program recommended to growers at that time, which consisted of three applications of azoxystrobin for weeks 1, 3, and 5 alternated with applications of chlorothalonil at label recommended rates, was effective in controlling early blight when conditions were conducive to disease development. Mean sensitivity in vitro of A. solani isolates from fungicide efficacy field experiments in 2001 to 2003 was numerically highest for isolates from the untreated control plots, chlorothalonil-alone plots, or plots treated with three applications of azoxystrobin alternated with chlorothalonil compared with other treatments tested. Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can cause the F129L substitution (TTC to TTA, CTC, or TTG) that results in decreased sensitivity to azoxystrobin of A. solani. The TTA mutant was the most frequently recovered mutant type in the field experiments. The frequency of recovery of wild-type isolates in experiments was 22% in 2001, 4% in 2002, and 22% in 2003.

scholarly journals Resistance to Alternaria solani in Hybrids Between a Solanum tuberosum Haploid and S. raphanifolium

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. N. Weber ◽  
S. H. Jansky
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Early Blight ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Production Region ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Progress Curve

Early blight of potato (Solanum tuberosum), caused by the foliar fungal pathogen Alternaria solani, is a major cause of economic loss in many potato-growing regions. Genetic resistance offers an opportunity to decrease fungicide usage while maintaining yield and quality. In this study, an early blight resistant clone of the diploid wild species S. raphanifolium was crossed as a male to a haploid (2n=2x) of cultivated potato. Hybrids were backcrossed to both parents. Eight families were created and evaluated for early blight resistance in the field. Families created by backcrossing to the wild species parent exhibited significantly lower relative area under the disease progress curve means than those from backcrossing to the cultivated parent, leading to the conclusion that S. raphanifolium contributes genes for early blight resistance. The mechanism of resistance in S. raphanifolium is unique because A. solani could not be recovered from lesions. Clones were identified with high levels of resistance and adaptation to the photoperiod of a temperate production region.

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